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Brigitte T. Sicat, Pharm.D, BCPS Assistant Professor of Pharmacy VCU School of Pharmacy What do you feel your specific discipline brings to the health care team? What don’t you know that you look to others for? After this learning session, you should be able to: • Discuss how pharmacists are trained • Explain what pharmacists do • Discuss career paths of pharmacists • Discuss governmental and voluntary oversight of pharmacy • Discuss the continuing education requirements for pharmacists • Discuss current issues in pharmacy Pre-pharmacy Pharmacy School • 4 years to earn Pharm.D. degree • Some programs pre-pharmacy & pharmacy work is combined Residency • Supervised practice • Specific field of practice Fellowship 8 SH General Biology (6 SH lecture and 2 SH laboratory) 8 SH College Chemistry (6 SH lecture and 2 SH laboratory) 8 SH Organic Chemistry (6 SH lecture and 2 SH laboratory) 4 SH Physics (3 SH lecture and 1 SH laboratory) 3 SH Human Anatomy (also, 1 SH lab is preferred) 3 SH Human Physiology 3 SH Microbiology (also, 1 SH lab is preferred) 3 SH Biochemistry 6 SH English (3 SH of composition and rhetoric is required) 3 SH Calculus 3 SH Statistics 3 SH Public Speaking 35 SH Elective Courses1 90 SH Minimum Total 1 Cell biology, genetics and immunology are highly recommended and are the only science courses that can count towards the minimum of 35 semester hours of electives. Other highly recommended electives are computer science, economics, psychology, and sociology. Others include political science, anthropology, history, foreign languages, philosophy and religious studies Pre-pharmacy Pharmacy School • 4 years • Some programs pre-pharmacy & pharmacy work is combined Residency • Supervised practice • Specific field of practice Fellowship Course Title Course Credit Basic Pharmaceutical Principles for the Practicing Pharmacist 3.0 Pharmaceutics & Biopharmaceutics I 3.0 Evidence Based Pharmacy I (Drug Info) 1.0 Health Promotion & Disease Prevention 2.5 Contemporary Pharmacy Practice 3.5 Communications in Pharmacy Practice 2.0 Scholarship I Continues Student Pharmacist Professionalism Continues Foundations I 1.0 IPPE I: Community I 1.0 Semester Total 17.0 Course Title Course Credit Pharmacokinetics* Pharmaceutics & Biopharmaceutics II Pharmacognosy Clinical Chemistry for the Pharmacist 2.0 2.5 2.0 2.0 Clinical Therapeutics Module I: Intro to Medicinal Chemistry 1.0 Clinical Therapeutics Module II: Introduction to Pharmacology 1.0 Clinical Therapeutics Module III: Intro to Special Populations 1.0 Self-care, Alternative and Complementary Treatments* 3.0 The U.S. Health Care System Managing Professional Patient-centered Practice 2.5 1.0 Scholarship I 1.0 Student Pharmacist Professionalism Continues Foundations II 1.0 IPPE II: Community II 1.0 Semester Total 21.0 Course Title Evidence Based Pharmacy II: Research Methods & Statistics Course Credit 2.5 Evidence Based Pharmacy III: Literature Evaluation 2.0 Biotechnology, Pharmacogenomics & Pharmacogenetics2.0 Pharmacy Informatics Clinical Therapeutics Module IV: Cardiovascular Clinical Therapeutics Module V: Endocrinology Clinical Therapeutics Module VI: Neurology I Scholarship II Student Pharmacist Professionalism Foundations III IPPE III: Hospital Semester Total 1.5 4.5 2.5 3.0 Continues Continues 1.0 Continues 19.0 Course Title Applied Pharmacokinetics Pharmacoeconomics Epidemiology & Pharmacy Practice Patient Medication Safety Clinical Therapeutics Module VII: Neurology II Course Credit 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.0 Clinical Therapeutics Module VIII: Psychiatry 3.0 Clinical Therapeutics Module IX: Respiratory/Immunology 3.0 Electives Scholarship II Student Pharmacist Professionalism Foundations IV IPPE III: Hospital Semester Total 2.0 2.0 Continues 1.0 1.0 21 Course Title Course Credit Pharmacy Practice Management I - Community Practice 4.0 Clinical Therapeutics Module X: Infectious Diseases 4.5 Clinical Therapeutics Module XI: Hematology/Oncology 2.5 Clinical Therapeutics Module XII: Nephrology/Urology 2.5 Clinical Therapeutics Module XIII: Dermatology/EENT 1.5 Electives 2.0 - 3.0 Scholarship III Continue s Continue s 1.0 Student Pharmacist Professionalism Foundations V IPPE IV: Clinical Patient Care Semester Total Continue s 18.0 19.0 Course Title Course Credit Pharmacy Practice Management II - Institutional Practice 2.0 Clinical Therapeutics Module XIV: Gastrointestinal/Nutrition 2.5 Clinical Therapeutics Module XV: Women's Health/Bone, Joint Clinical Therapeutics Module XVI:Toxicology/Critical Care 2.5 Clinical Therapeutics Module XVII: Special Populations 1.0 Pharmacy Law Electives Scholarship III Student Pharmacist Professionalism Foundations VI IPPE IV: Clinical Patient Care Semester Total 3.0 2.0 - 3.0 2.0 Continues 1.0 1.0 18.5 - 19.5 1.5 Acute Care APPE 10.0 Hospital Pharmacy APPE Geriatrics APPE Primary Ambulatory Care APPE Elective I APPE Elective II APPE Advanced Community Practice APPE Student Pharmacist Professionalism Annual Total 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 1.0 41.0 Pre-pharmacy Pharmacy School • 4 years • Some programs pre-pharmacy & pharmacy work is combined Residency • Supervised practice • Specific field of practice Fellowship Governmental Oversight • Federal & State laws Voluntary Oversight • Accreditation of training programs E.g. ASHP accreditation of residency programs • Certification Board of Pharmaceutical Specialties (BPS) Certified Geriatric Pharmacist (CGP) Certified Anticoagulation Care Provider (CACP) Drug-Use Process • Manufacture • Distribution • Prescribing • Preparation • Storing • Dispensing • Administering • Monitoring • Reviewing of drugs and their use Pharmacists help patients make the best use of their medications Community pharmacy Institutional pharmacy Long-term care pharmacy Managed care, home care, and mailservice pharmacy Pharmacy academia Other careers • Industry • Government • Associations • Others The profession of pharmacy has evolved Pharmaceutical care • “the functions performed by a pharmacist in ensuring the optimal use of medications to achieve specific outcomes that improve a patient’s quality of life; further, the pharmacist accepts responsibility for outcomes and ensue from his or her actions, which occur in collaboration with patients and other healthcare colleagues” There is a need to move even more rapidly to redeploy pharmacists from medication order fulfillment to patient care. This will require: • Supporting payment mechanism • Provider status for pharmacists under Medicare • Commitment to obtaining and maintaining the knowledge, skills, and abilities required by increased patient care demands • Fully embracing the tenets of pharmaceutical care • Programs in order to grow the total size of the profession Knapp DA. AJPE 2002 Pharmacists: Help patients make the best use of their medications Receive rigorous education & training Practice in a variety of settings Are licensed to protect the public from harm Are caregivers, clinicians, advisors, teachers, and life-long learners William N Kelly 2004