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Sociology
Chapter 6
AGENDA
1. What are Sociology and Social
Psychology?
2. How do societies shape the personal
social development of children?
3. How does Socialization occur?
4. What is personality?
5. How does personality development
continue over a lifetime?
6. How can we assess personality traits.
Key Terms
•Sociology
•Social Psychology
•Socialization
•Isolates
• Agents of Socialization
•Gender
•Personality
•Sense of Self
•Cognitive Development
Scope of Sociology
Sociology is the scientific study of people in
groups the relationships between people
and the social structures they develop
Social Psychology is the study of individuals
within their social and cultural setting . The
social psychologist examines how society
influences human mental process.
Approaches to Sociology
Expert Groups Exercise
Mr. Adjetey will split all of you into groups of 4.
Each group will be given 20 minutes to learn an
approach to sociology. After the allotted time
students will be separated into expert groups
that will have experts from all 4 approaches to
Sociology
1. Structural Functionalism
2. Conflict Theory
3. Symbolic Interactionism
4. Feminist Sociology
G
Sue
Shadi
Ryan
Rayan
Missy
Amal. J
Greg . L
Michael
Rachel
Sonja
Yara
Amal .G
Josh
Derek
Greg W
SEAN
Tasneem
Dee
Kayla
Sam
Kristeena Paige
Amanda
Jaseleen
Alicia
Rishi
Amy
Jesse
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G
G
Savannah
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Pg.112-113
Leader
Encourager
Time person
Supplies
Notetaker
Approaches to Sociology
Structural Functionalism
Major Theorist :
If I was a Structural Functionalist my
perception of the world would be….
Approaches to Sociology
Structural-functionalism is a consensus theory; a theory that
sees society as built upon order, interrelation, and balance
among parts as a means of maintaining the smooth
functioning of the whole. Structural-Functionalism views
shared norms and values as the basis of society, focuses on
social order based on tacit agreements between groups
and organizations, and views social change as occurring in
a slow and orderly fashion. Functionalists acknowledge
that change is sometimes necessary to correct social
dysfunctions (the opposite of functions), but that it must
occur slowly so that people and institutions can adapt
without rapid disorder.
Approaches to Sociology
Conflict Theory:
Major Theorist :
If I was someone who believed in Conflict Theory
my perception of the world would be….
Approaches to Sociology
In sociology and biology, conflict theory states that the
society or organization functions so that each
individual participant and its groups struggle to
maximize their benefits, which inevitably contributes
to social change such as changes in politics and
revolutions. The theory is mostly applied to explain
conflict between social classes in ideologies such as
socialism and communism. The theory refutes
functionalism, which considers that societies and
organization function so that each individual and
group plays a specific role, like organs in the body.
There are radical basic assumptions (it is only conflict,
which might explain social change), or moderate ones
(custom and conflict are always mixed).
Approaches to Sociology
Symbolic Interacitonism:
Major Theorist :
If I was someone who believed in Symbolic
Interactionism my perception of the world
would be….
Approaches to Sociology
The theory consists of three core principles: meaning, language
and thought. These core principles lead to conclusions
about the creation of a person’s self and socialization into a
larger community (Griffin, 1997).
Meaning states that humans act toward people and things
according to the meanings that give to those people or
things. Symbolic Interactionism holds the principal of
meaning to be the central aspect of human behavior.
Language gives humans a means by which to negotiate meaning
through symbols. Humans identify meaning in speech acts
with others.
Approaches to Sociology
Thought modifies each individual’s interpretation of symbols.
Thought is a mental conversation that requires different
points of view.
With these three elements the concept of the self can be
framed. People use ‘the looking-glass self’: they take the
role of the other, imagining how we look to another person.
The self is a function of language, without talk there would
be no self concept. People are part of a community, where
our generalized other is the sum total of responses and
expectations that we pick up from the people around us. We
naturally give more weight to the views of significant others.
Approaches to Sociology
Feminist Sociology:
Major Theorist :
If I was a Feminist my perception of the world
would be….
Approaches to Sociology
Feminist theory is distinct from other theoretical perspectives
in that it is woman-centered and interdisciplinary, and it
actively promotes ways to achieve social justice. Three
core questions inform feminist theory: (1) "What about the
women?" (2) "Why is the social world as it is?" and (3)
"How can we change and improve the social world so as to
make it a more just place for women and for all people?"
Feminist theorists have also started to question the differences
between women, including how race, class, ethnicity, and
age intersect with gender. In sum, feminist theory is most
concerned with giving a voice to women and highlighting
the various ways women have contributed to society
Socialization
Socialization: all human beings grow up in a
social environment. Through social contact,
individuals learn to think and act in certain
ways. Sociologists call this type of learning
socialization. Socialization allows new
members to learn the accepted ways of
behaving within a specific culture.
Dr. Money….
Socialization
Isolates: These children have been physically,
socially and emotionally deprived.
Researchers have found that they have
severe developmental problems
Socialization
Agents of Socialization: The types of social contacts or
influences we experience. At various stages of life
different agents will exert their influence in
varying degrees.
In the 1st few years, the family will be the chief agent
of socialization, During adolescence, peer groups,
school, culture and media will play increasing
roles as socializing agents. Later in life, clubs,
social or political groups, religious institutions and
workplaces become other agents of socialization.
Socialization
Neglect is the failure to provide the physical or
emotional necessities of life.
Physical abuse involves assault or inflicting physical
harm; emotional abuse may include repeatedly
criticizing the child or subjecting the child to an
unhappy or disturbing environment.
Where do we draw the line: between Abuse and
discipline?
Socialization
The family: The first and most significant
socializing agent is known as the primary
agent of socialization.
The family socializes children in both
intentional and unintentional ways.
Any examples?
Socialization
The Peer Group: begins to act as an agents of
socialization in the backyard sandbox with
neighborhood friends, but it later expands in
kindergarten and primary school. From these early
contacts, children begin to gain an awareness of
how they appear to other people. These new
expectations place pressure on young children to
conform to the peer group; children who do not
conform are often ignored, or they frequently
quarrel with their friends and classmates.
Socialization
During Adolescence, peer-group influence grows in
importance. Young people have more knowledge
and skills than the previous generation. On the
other hand, children continue to learn basic values
from people of all ages, especially those with
more life skills and experience
Adults tend to actively chose our peer groups
since we are no longer restricted by chance or
location
The influence of peers continues throughout life!
Socialization
The School enters a child’s life as an agent of
socialization around the age of four or five and
remains an important influence for the next 12 to
20 years.
The formal curriculum of schools teaches the
technical and cultural heritage of society and
helps prep students for careers. The informal or
hidden curriculum teaches attitudes and habits
such as organization reliability, promptness, cooperation and respect for authority.
Socialization
The Peer Group: begins to act as an agents of
socialization in the backyard sandbox with
neighborhood friends, but it later expands in
kindergarten and primary school. From these early
contacts, children begin to gain an awareness of
how they appear to other people. These new
expectations place pressure on young children to
conform to the peer group; children who do not
conform are often ignored, or they frequently
quarrel with their friends and classmates.
Socialization
Does Culture influence Socialization?
Socialization
The sex of an individual whether biologically male or
female is determined at conception. Gender on
the other hand is learned from birth and
throughout life.
Gender includes the social roles and psychological
characteristics that a society recognizes as
appropriate for a man or a woman;
Socialization
The Peer Group: begins to act as an agents of
socialization in the backyard sandbox with
neighborhood friends, but it later expands in
kindergarten and primary school. From these early
contacts, children begin to gain an awareness of
how they appear to other people. These new
expectations place pressure on young children to
conform to the peer group; children who do not
conform are often ignored, or they frequently
quarrel with their friends and classmates.
Socialization
The Media: It is a powerful agent of socialization.
Moreover, the media often presents information
as absolute and unquestionable, especially in
matters of values taste and culture. Although
some images of acceptable lifestyles represent
stereotypes, they can still have the power to shape
the opinions of a receptive audience
Personality
Personality: Socialization is one of the factors that
contributes to personality. Personality is a usually
way of thinking, feeling and acting that is unique
to an individual.
There are 4 major personality theories
• Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory
• Charles Horton Cooley and the Looking-Glass Self
• George Herbert Mead and Role Taking
• Erik Erikson and Lifelong Development
• Unstable,, Extroverted, Stable, Introverted
Personality
Piaget and Cognitive Development
Sensorimotor Stage: Occurs between birth and age 2,
Babies look, touch, taste and listen. They know
the world, not through thought, but only by direct
experience
Pre- Operational Stage: occurs between age 2 and 7
Children can experience the world mentally by
using forms of communication such as speech and
print. Children begin to think about things they
are not immediately experiencing. However they
still view the world tfrom their own point of view
and cannot see things from the point of view of
Personality
Piaget and Cognitive Development
Concrete Operational stage: Develops between the
ages of 7-11. These children can do complex
operations. Such as arithmetic and measurements,
as long as the physical objects are present. They
learn to think in terms of cause and effect, they
can see things from others point of view.
Formal Operational Stag begins to develop in
adolescence Adolescents can think abstractly that
is manipulate ideas without physical objects being
present. At this stage they use logic to see what
evidence is available to support different ideas.
They can also imagine alternative to reality other
posibilities in life
Personality
Monday
What is Socialization
Thursday
How is
socialization important to gender
classification?