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Vincent Parrillo Strangers to These Shores Chapter Three Prejudice and Discrimination Prejudice • Prejudgment, … inadequate definition • Louis Wirth: “ an attitude with an emotional bias” • Ralph Rosnow: “any unreasonable attitude usually resistant to rational influence” – “ My mind is already made up, don’t confuse me with the facts” • May be either Positive or Negative – In minority relations, … usually negative The Psychology of Prejudice • Prejudice may develop from: – Imitation or conditioning (Conditioning) – Perceived similarity-dissimilarity (Cognitive) – Personality characteristics (Psychoanalytic) • Three Levels of Prejudice (B. Kramer) 1. Cognitive 2. Emotional 3. Action orientation Cognitive Level of Prejudice • Encompasses a persons beliefs, … perceptions of a group, – threatening or not, … inferior or equal, … seclusive or intrusive, … in negative or positive characteristics • Ethnocentrism: … a generalized rejection of all groups based on an ingroup focus • Prejudice is a rejection of certain people based solely on their group membership – Or the possibility of social interaction Emotional Level of Prejudice • Based on the feelings that a minority group arouses in an individual • Feelings may be based on stereotypes • Emotional attitudes may be negative or positive • Beliefs or feelings may be triggered by social interaction Action-orientation Level • A predisposition to engage in discriminatory behavior – Positive – Negative Self-Justification • Denigrating a person or group to justify maltreatment of them – We “rationalize” our treatment of others – Examples: Native Americans, … Slaves, … Japanese, … • Some sociologists believe it works the other way around – Subjugation occurs first then justification follows Authoritarian Personality • T. W. Adorono’s studies (1950) • Authoritarian Personality, correlated with harsh treatment as a child – F Scale (Potential Fascism) – Study using a “shock” generator to “teach” • Frustration, the result of relative deprivation – A lack of resources, or rewards, in one’s standard of living compared to others in the society Authoritarian Personality Cont. • Scapegoating – Blaming others for something that is not their fault – Examples? … Sociology of Prejudice • Socialization – The acquisition of values, attitudes, beliefs, and perceptions of ones culture or subculture – Includes Material and Nonmaterial cultural elements – We “learn” to become prejudice and to discriminate • Jim Crow laws, … for example Sociology of Prejudice Cont. • Economic Competition – We tend to be more hostile towards others who threaten our security, our livelihood – Economic competition and conflict breeds prejudice – Negative stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination increase when competition for jobs increases • Examples: Chinese, … Germans (John Dollard) • Both studies and historical evidence support this position Sociology of Prejudiced Cont. • Social Norms – Sociologists suggest a relationship between prejudice and a person’s tendency to conform to societal norms, (expectations) • Social Norms form the generally shared rules defining “proper” behavior – Theorizes a direct relationship between the degree of conformity and the degree of prejudice • Explains prevailing attitudes but not their origin Sociology of Prejudice Cont. • Stereotyping – An oversimplified generalization by which we attribute certain characteristics to a group without regard to individual differences – Can be Positive or Negative, … Examples? • Can become ingrained in our everyday thinking – Can serve to enhance or denigrate a group • Once established, hard to eradicate, even in succeeding generations Ethnophaulisms • Ethnophaulism: – A derogatory word or expression used to describe a racial or ethnic group – This is the language of prejudice – See picture on p. 87 • • • • Examples of ethnopuhaulisms in text? Disparaging nicknames, … (. 87) Explicit group devaluations, … Irrelevant ethnic group nicknames, … Sociology of Prejudice Cont. • Ethnic Humor – Are ethnic, racial, gender jokes funny? • One’s view of the group influences their reaction to the joke, comment • Derogatory humor (jokes) about one’s own group • The key to ethnic humor lies in both the joker’s and the audience’s attitudes Sociology of Prejudice Cont. • Perpetuation of Stereotypes – Discuss • Influencing of Attitudes • Advertising and prejudice • Can prejudice be reduced? – Interaction, contact between people of different racial and ethnic groups • May worsen, … ? • May improve, … ? Discrimination • Discrimination – Actual behavior, the practice of differential and unequal treatment of groups of people • Racial, … religious, … ethnic, … others, … • Five levels of Discrimination • First: Verbal expression, … statement of dislike, … a derogatory term, … • Second: Avoidance, … the prejudiced person takes steps to avoid social interaction with a group Levels of Discrimination Cont. • Third: Exclusion, … exclusion from certain jobs, … housing, … education, … etc. – De jure segregation, … segregationist laws – De facto segregation, … by social custom • Fourth: Ethnoviolence, all forms of violence, … because of religion, … race, … ethnicity, … • Fifth: Extermination, … massacres, .. Genocide, … pogroms, … Prejudice & Discrimination • Prejudice can lead to discrimination and discrimination to prejudice – Not certain one will follow the other • Robert Merton (1949) Model describing prejudice and discrimination (Fig 3.1, p. 98) • Nonprejudiced Nondiscriminator • Non prejudiced Discriminator • Prejudiced Nondiscriminator • Prejudiced Discriminator Social & Institutional Discrimination • Social Discrimination: – Established patterns of social distance – Social disassociations, exclusionary patterns • Institutional Discrimination: – Unequal treatment imbedded in institutional rules, … and regulations – Entrenched in customs, … laws, … practices – Discriminatory patterns can exist in all business, .. educational, .. religious, .. social, .. and government institutions Affirmative Action • Affirmative Action, origin: • President Roosevelt, Exec. Order 8802, July 1941 ( pre WW II) – Defense contractors, … “not discriminate, … race, … creed, … color, … national origin, …” • President Kennedy, Exec. Order 10925, 1961 – Take affirmative action, … treatment without regard to race, … creed, … color, … national origin Affirmative Action Cont. • Civil Rights Act of 1964, Title VII, Sec. 703 – Seems to address the need for fairness, … openness, … and color-blind opportunity – Bans preference by race, … ethnicity, … gender, … and religion, … in business and government • President Johnson Exec. Order 11246 – Mandated employer affirmative-action to correct existing deficiencies through specific goals and deadlines Affirmative Action Cont. • Legislation in 1972 amended the 1964 Civil Rights Act – Preference programs became the rule, … through reserved minority quotas – Seen as reverse discrimination • The Bakke vs. the U.C. Regents – U.S. Supreme Court ruled, … “quotas were not permitted but race could be a factor in university admission • Supreme Court in 1995, “race could not longer be the predominant factor… “ Has Affirmative Action Worked? • Evidence of success has been mixed • The Bakke decision has had little impact on the enrollment of African Americans and Hispanics in medical and law schools • A considerable number of minorities and women have better jobs than they would have without antidiscrimination laws Key Terms • • • • • • • • Affirmative action Authoritarian personality Three Levels of Prejudice De facto discrimination De jure Discrimination Discrimination Ethnophaulism Jim Crow laws • • • • • • • • Prejudice Scapegoating Social Discrimination Social Norms Socialization process Stereotype Ethnoviolence Institutional Discrimination