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Chapter 3 Racial and Ethnic Inequality Defining race • Biological definition of race: – Population differs from another because of some genes. – Today no “pure” races exist due to generations of intermixing. • Sociologists view race as a social construct © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Racial Group • A racial group is: – A category of people who have been singled out – Seen as inferior or superior than other groups – Determined by subjectively defined physical characteristics • Such as skin color, hair texture, eye shape © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Ethnic Group • An Ethnic Group is: – A group distinguished from others. – Seen as inferior or superior. – Distinguished on the basis of cultural or nationality characteristics. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Dominant and Subordinate Groups • Dominant Group: – Advantaged compared to other groups in society – Have superior resources and rights in a society – Can be determined by race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, or other factors © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Dominant and Subordinate Groups – In the U.S. the dominant group is associated with white-skin privilege. • Subordinate Group: – Are disadvantaged compared to other groups – Face unequal treatment, prejudice, or discrimination – See themselves as objects of discrimination © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Racism and Prejudice • Racism: – Beliefs and practices which justify unequal treatment of racial and ethnic groups – White racism is present in the U.S. and denies people of color opportunities © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Racism and Prejudice • Prejudice: negative attitude toward a particular group – Based on faulty generalizations – Stems from ethnocentrism (assumption one’s group is superior) – Also influenced by stereotypes • Overgeneralizations about all members of a group © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Discrimination • Individual Discrimination: – One on one acts against subordinate group by dominant group – Generally stems from prejudice • Institutional Discrimination: – Involves day to day practices of institutions – Harmful impact on subordinate group © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Sociological Perspectives on Race • Social Psychological Perspective: – Frustration-aggression hypothesis: • Individuals who are unable to achieve a set goal become frustrated – Authoritarian Personality • Tendency to be more prejudice © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Symbolic Interactionist • Racial Socialization: – Process of social interaction containing messages about one’s racial/ethnic group. – Can be direct via contact with parents, peers, teachers, others – Also indirectly through media images © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Functionalist • Focus on social order and stability as being important. • Assimilation: – Process where subordinate group members become absorbed in dominant culture – Seen by functionalists as stabilizing • Anglo-conformity model © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Functionalist • Ethnic Pluralism: – Diverse racial and ethnic groups coexist – Maintain separate identities and cultures • Segregation: – Spatial and social separation of people – Based on race/ethnicity, class, gender, religion or other social characteristics. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Conflict • Class perspectives: – Historically African Americans were enslaved; they were the cheapest & best workers – Contemporary theory • Split-labor market theory: U.S. economy divided into 2 sectors © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Conflict • Gendered Racism: – Interaction of gender and race resulting in exploitation of woman of color. • Internal Colonialism: – Members of a racial/ethnic group are placed under control of the dominant group © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Conflict • Theory of racial formation: – Government has large role in defining racial and ethnic relations – Policies and actions placing one group in a subordinate position – Immigration and naturalization laws • Influence relations between racial & ethnic groups © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Native Americans • Population of 15 million inhabited land when Columbus arrived in 1492 • White Europeans conquered and colonized the Native Americans – Engaged in genocide • 1830: Indian Removal Act passed © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. African Americans • First brought to North American as slaves in 1619 • Slavery abolished in 1863: – In South: de jure segregation – In North: de facto segregation • Civil Rights Acts of 1964 and 1965 ended de jure segregation © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Latinos (Hispanic Americans) • Puerto Rico became a U.S. possession in 1917; citizens allowed migration to U.S. • In late 1950s refugees immigrated to U.S. from Cuba to flee from Fidel Castro • Mexicans have immigrated to the U.S. as agricultural workers © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Asian and Pacific Americans • Chinese workers came to America between 1850 and 1880. • Japanese immigrants forced into internment camps during WWII. • Many immigrants have come recently from other parts of Asia © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Solutions to Racial and Ethnic Inequality • Functionalist: – Restructure Social Institutions • Conflict: – Struggle and Political Action • Interactionist: – Teach cultural diversity to unlearn prejudice and discrimination © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.