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AP Biology Exam Review
2002-2003
Survey of the Kingdoms
Taxonomy-based on phylogeny
(evolutionary relationships)
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Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
King
Philip
Cried
Out
For
Good
Spaghetti
Carolus Linnaeus
Binomial
nomenclature:
Genus species
(scientific name)
Systematics:
study of
relationships
Viruses
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No scientific names because not living, unable
to be classified
Lytic or lysogenic life cycle
In lysogenic cycle, latency = provirus (if
host cell not bacteria) or prophage (if host
cell is bacteria)
Can be retrovirus
Viroids (naked RNA) and prions (naked
protein): simpler than viruses but just as
infectious
Bacteria, Eubacteria,
Archaebacteria, Monera
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Prokaryotes: no nuclei, no organelles
Unicellular
Single “naked” chromosome
Plasmids (small circular DNA) in some
Flagella made of flagellin (debate of
9+2 arrangement)
Non-flagellated bacteria: tumble, spin,
glide
Obtaining energy
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Photoautotroph/Chemoautotroph vs.
Heterotroph
Obligate aerobes vs. facultative
anaerobe vs. obligate anaerobe
Unique characteristics of
archaebacteria
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Cell walls lack peptidoglycan.
Ribosomes more similar to eukaryotes
than eubacteria.
Plasma membrane made of lipids
different than most other organisms.
Extreme habitats: methanogens,
extrene halophiles, thermoacidophiles
Classifying eubacteria
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Mode of nutrition
Ability to make endospores (resistant
bodies with DNA/RNA and durable wall)
Motility
Shape: cocci, bacilli, spirilla
Gram stain technique: G+
(peptidoglycan), G- (lipopolysaccharide)
Common groups of bacteria
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Cyanobacteria: phycobilin pigments,
heterocyst cells that produce nitrogen-fixing
enzyme
Chemosynthetic bacteria: autotrophs
nitrifying bacteria (nitrite  nitrate)
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria: heterotrophs;
mutualistic relationship with plants; live in
nodules of bean plants
Spirochetes: coiled bacteria, internal flagella
(within cell wall layers)
Protists
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Most likely convergent evolution producing
similar characteristics within protists
Evolved through endosymbiosis
Eukaryotes
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Algae: all with chlorophyll a and other
accessory pigments
Protozoa: heterotrophs
Fungus-like: saprobic, filaments, sporebearing bodies
Algae
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Euglenophyta: no cellulose cell wall (pellicle
protein strips), 3 flagella, heterotrophic
without light, eyespot for phototaxis
Dinoflagellata: 2 flagella, some
bioluminescent (red tide), produce nerve
toxin that concentrate in filter feeders
Chrysophyta: golden algae
Bacillariophyta: diatoms, tests (shells)
made of silica
Algae
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Chlorophyta: green algae, cellulose cell
walls, variation in sexual reproduction
(isogamous, anisogamous, oogamous), some
multicellular or colonial, ancestors of plants
Phaeophyta: brown algae, multicellular,
flagellated sperm (seaweeds, kelps)
Rhodophyta: red algae, red accessory
pigments phycobilins, multicellular,
nonflagellated gametes
Protozoa
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Foraminifera: tests (shells) of calcium
carbonate, marine sediments with forams
indicates underlying deposits of petroleum
Rhizopods: amoebas, move with
pseudopods
Zoomastigophora: zooflagellates, cause
diseases (Trypanosoma)
Sporozoa: animal parasite, uses more than
one host to complete life cycle (Plasmodium)
Ciliophora: paramecium, most with cilia
Fungus-like protistan molds
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Cellular slime mold: Acrasiomycota,
amoebas feed on bacteria, when not
enough food  aggregates into slug
Plasmodial slime mold: Myxomycota,
grows as single mass, grows stalks up
when environment dries out to release
spores
Oomycota: water molds
Fungus
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Hyphae: filaments
Mycelium: mass of hyphae
Septate (cross walls) vs. aseptate (no
cross walls, aka coenocytic)
Chitin cell walls
Parasites or saprobes
Haustoria: parasitic hyphae that
penetrates the host
Temporary fungal 2N stage
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Plasmogamy: fusing cellas fromt wo
different fungal strains  dikaryon
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Karyogamy: fusing of two nuclei
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Meiosis immediately retores 1N state
Asexual fungal reproduction
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Fragmentation: breaking apart hyphae
Budding: small part of hyphae pinched
off
Asexual spores: sporangiospores (borne
on sac-like sporangia) and conidia
(formed at tips of hyphae)
Fungal groups
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Zygomycota: bread mold
Ascomycota: yeasts, mildews, truffles
Basidiomycota: mushrooms
Deuteromycota: imperfect fungus,
Penicillium
Lichens: fungus and algae “liking” it
together
Mycorrhizae: mutualistic relationships of
fungus and plant roots
Plant characteristics
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Except for Bryophytes (mosses), 2N dominant
Cuticle
Vascular systems (reduces water
dependency) of xylem and phloem
Flagellated sperm needing water  sperm in
pollen grains
Unprotected gametophytes  ovary
protecting gametophytes
Seasonal adaptation: deciduous vs. evergreen
Bryophytes
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Mosses, liverworts, hornworts
Male gametangium: antheridium has
sperm
Female gametangium: archegonium
has egg
Lack vascular tissue
Small and close to water
Tracheophytes (vascular
plants)
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Lycophyta: wood trees of
Carboniferous period, epiphytes, club
shaped spore cones caleld strobili
Sphenophyta: horsetails
Pterophyta: ferns, sporangia clusters
called sori
Seeded plants
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Microsporangia: produce microspores
(male spores)  pollen grains (tube
cells, 2 sperm)
Macrosporangia: produces female
spores  1 megaspore (egg), 2 polar
bodies  all contained in ovule
Coniferophyta - gymnosperms
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Pine trees
Juniper trees
Redwood trees
Anthophyta - angiosperms
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Flowers
Carpel/pistil: female parts of stigma,
style, ovary
Stamen: male parts of anther, filament
Petals: modified leaves to attract
pollinators
Sepals: modified leaves to protect
flower
Angiosperm advancements
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Pollinators required
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Ovules inside ovary
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Ovary develops into fruit with seeds
(mature ovule).
Angiosperm fertilization
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Pollen on stigma, developing pollen
tube that extends to the micropyle
(opening of ovule).
Sperm + egg  zygote  embryo
Sperm + 2 polar bodies  endosperm
“double fertilization”
Animal characteristics
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Multicellular
Heterotrophic
2N dominant
Motile at some point of its life cycle
Embryonic development stage where 2
or 3 tissue layers form
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Tissue complexity: eumetazoan (most
animals with 2-3 tissue layers –
ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm) vs.
parazoa (true tissues but no organs)
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Body symmetry: radial vs. bilateral
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Cephalization
Variations that shaped the
animal kingdom
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Gastrovascular cavity: guts, 2 openings
designate digestive tract
Coelom: in embryonic stage, cavity called
coelom can develop from mesoderm
(acoelomate, pseudocoelomate,
coelomate)
Segmentation: same and repeated or
modified with specialized functions
Variations that shaped the
animal kingdom
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Protostome vs. deuterostome: early
embryonic cell divisions (cleavage)
Protosome
Angled cleavage
Mouth first
Coelom develops from
tissues at the sides of
internal cavity
(archenteron)
Deuterostome
Straight cleavage
Anus first
Coelom develops from
outpouch of
archenteron walls
Animals - invertebrates
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Porifera: sponges, filter feeders,
osculum, amoebocytes, spicules
Cnidaria: jellifish, hydrozoans, sea
anemones, corals, medusa vs. polyp
body shape
Platyhelminthes: flatworms, flukes,
tapeworms, proglottids (secondarily
developed “segments”), acoelomate
Animals - invertebrates
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Nematoda: roundworms, pseudocoelomate,
complete digestive tract, mouth and anus!
Rotifera: multicellular, pseudocoelomate,
complete digestive tract, filter feeders
Mollusca: snails, bivalves, octopuses,
squids; body made of foot, mantle (secretes
shell), radula
Annelids: segmented worms, leeches,
earthworms
Animals - invertebrates
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Arthropoda: spider, insects,
crustaceans, jointed appendages,
chitin exoskeleton, metamorphosis
vs. nymph life cycle
Echinodermata: sea stars, sea
urchins, sand dollars, deuterostomes,
complete digestive tract
Animals – chordata
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Notochord: dorsal, flexible rod for support
 backbone
Dorsal hollow nerve cord: basis of central
nervous system (brain, spinal cord)
Pharyngeal gill slits: channels across
pharynx to the outside body  gills or
disappears
Muscular tail: extends beyond digestive
tract  develops or disappears
Animals - vertebrates
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Agnatha: jawless fish
Chondricthyes: cartilaginous fish
Osteichthyes: bony fish
Amphibians: frogs, salamanders
Reptiles: crocs, alligators, turtles
Aves: birds
Mammals: primates, dogs, cats, etc.