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Sponges, Cnidarians, Comb Jellies, and Marine Worms What are Animals? • Multicellular • Eukaryotic (lack cell walls) • Cannot produce their own food (heterotrophs) • Can move (exception: adult sponges) • Vertebrates: have a backbone (vertebral column) • Invertebrates: do not have a backbone (no vertebral column) – Majority of marine animals Sponges (Phylum Porifera) • Simple • Asymmetric • Sessile (cannot move) Structure and Function • Full of tiny holes/pores called ostia – Water circulation (nutrients and oxygen) – Carries away wastes • Lack tissues and organs • Size is limited by ability to circulate water through its body • 3 possible body plans – Asconoid (simplest)-tubular and small – Syconoid (body-wall folding)-internal pockets – Leuconoid (highest degree of folding) • Nutrition and digestion: – Suspension feeders (filter feeders) Get food from water • Reproduction – Sexual • Hermaphrodites – Asexual • Budding pinching off to form new organism • Fragmentation pieces form new organism • Ecological roles – Can produce chemicals that can kill coral or inhibit growth – Can provide camouflage and protection for animals – Can produce chemicals that prevent organisms from settling on their surface or to deter grazing – Hosts to other organisms – Recycles calcium to seawater Cnidarians (Phylum Coelenterata) • Ex: jellyfish, hydra, coral, and sea anemones • Radial symmetry Structure and Function: • 2 different body plans – Polyp: benthic form • Cylindrical body with an opening a 1 end (mouth) • Surrounded by tentacles – Medusa: free-floating stage – Gelatinous material between layers of body called mesoglea • Stinging cells (cnidocytes) –Common on tentacles and outer body wall –Can also release toxins • Nutrition and digestion – Digests prey in gastrovascular cavity – Filter-feeders – Can be carnivores • Paralyze prey with toxins • Reproduction – Asexual polyp stage – Sexual medusa stage • Ecological relationships – Predators that feed on a variety of prey – Provide habitats for organisms (ex: corals) – Host symbionts that aid in nutrition and help them grow Ctenophores (Comb Jellies) • Structure and Function: – Transparent bodies – Lack stinging cells – Planktonic – Eight rows of comb plates used for locomotion • Made of large cilia – Weak swimmers – Found mostly in surface water – Radial symmetry – Luminescent at night • Nutrition and Digestion – Carnivorous • Reproduction – Hermaphrodites – Shed eggs and sperm directly into the water column – Few species can brood eggs in their bodies Marine Worms • Most are benthic Structure: • Elongated bodies • Lack external hard covering • Gain support for body from fluid in body compartments – Hydrostatic skeleton Flatworms • Flattened bodies Structure: • Head and posterior end • Free-living or parasitic • Bilateral symmetry Ex: flukes and tapeworms • Nutrition and digestion: – Chemical-detecting organs called chemoreceptors – Carnivorous – Can subdue prey by entangling it in mucus and suffocating it – Can stab prey – Digestion in gastrovascular cavity • Reproduction: – Asexually regeneration – Sexually • Hermaphrodites • Can fertilize each other • Internal fertilization • No larval stage Nematodes • Roundworms – 12,000 species • Structure: Round, slender body – Elongated – Tapered at both ends • Nutrition/Digestion: – Scavengers, parasites – Carnivorous, free-living • Reproduction: – Most are hermaphroditic – Some can have separate sexes Annelids • Segmented Structure and Function: • Body wall has muscle • Skin has setae (small bristles used for locomotion, digging, anchorage, and protection) • Feeding and digestion: – Can have jaws or teeth – Active predators – Chemoreceptors monitor water currents – Filter-feeders • Reproduction – Asexual • Budding • Regeneration • Fragmentation – Sexual • Separate sexes • Gametes shed into body cavity where they mature • Ecological roles: – Burrowing aids in nutrient cycling – Burrows provide habitats for other species – Feed on microorganisms and detritus Examples of Annelids polychaetes echiurans pogonophorans