Download 5.5 Classification

5.5 Classification
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5.5.1 Outline the binomial system of nomenclature.
• Linnaeus; Greek/Latin
• Genus 1st: capitalized, underlined
• Species 2nd: not cap., but underlined
– Homo sapiens
• Later reference can be H. sapiens
• Name in brackets afterwards = who 1st
named/identified
– Malaclemys terrapin [Schoepf]
• WHY?
– Universal language vs. common names
– Show evolutionary relationships
5.5.2 List seven levels in the hierarchy of taxa using an example from two different kingdoms for
each level.
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Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
Angiospermophyta
Phylum Chordata
Magnoliopsida
Class
Aves
Gentianales
Order
Piciformes
Asclepiadaceae
Family Picidae
Asclepias
Genus Campephilus
syriaca
Species principalis
Ivory-billed woodpecker milkweed
5.5.2 List seven levels in the hierarchy of taxa using an example from two different kingdoms for
each level.
• More similar = closer grouping,
evolutionary relationships
• Linnaeus-1700s (2 Kingdoms)
• Now...5 (or 6) Kingdoms
– Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, Protoctista
(Protista), Prokaryotae (Eubacteria &
Archaebacteria)
5.5.3 Distinguish between the following phyla of
plants, using simple external recognition features:
All plants: photosynthetic, chlorophyll,
cellulose cell wall, permanent vacuoles,
store starch
Differences:
vegetation (leaves, stems)
reproduction
5.5.3 Distinguish between the following phyla of
plants, using simple external recognition features:
Phylum Bryophyta
• Little! Mosses, liverworts, hornworts
• STEMS: radial (mosses) or bilateral symmetry
(liverworts)
– NO true LEAVES or ROOTS, No cuticle
• Non-vascular
– NO xylem/phloem
• Repro structure = sporangium on long stalks,
capsule on end; releases spore  new plant
– NO flowers/seeds
5.5.3 Distinguish between the following phyla of
plants, using simple external recognition features:
Phylum Filicinophyta
• Ferns & Horsetails
• Height up to 20 m
• STEMS: non-woody (herbaceous)
• Divided LEAVES; ROOTS
• Vascular (xylem, phloem)
• Repro structure = sporangia (sori) contain
spores
5.5.3 Distinguish between the following phyla of
plants, using simple external recognition features:
Phylum Coniferophyta
• Conifers, pines
• STEMS: woody (lignin)
• Waxy, narrow, needle-like/scale-like LEAVES;
ROOTS
• Vascular system (tracheids)
• Trees up to 100 m; Shrubs
• Repro structure = monoecious
– Male (microsporophyll; non-motile gametes, air/water
dispersal) & female (macrosporophyll; ovule on seed cone)
on same plant but different flowers
5.5.3 Distinguish between the following phyla of
plants, using simple external recognition features:
Phylum Angiospermophyta:
• Flowers, fruits, & grasses
• STEMS, ROOTS, LEAVES
• Vascular bundles (xylem, phloem)
• Waxy cuticle
• Annual or perennial, up to 100 m
• Repro structure = ovules in enclosed carpal; pollen
grains produced by anthers
• Seeds in fruit (ovary)!
– (NO cones)  animal pollination often
earthworms
5.5.4 Distinguish between the following phyla of
animals, using simple external recognition features:
30+ Animal Phyla
These are “invertebrates” (lack spinal cord)—all
are heterotrophic, no cell walls, no vacuoles, no
chlorophyll, store glycogen
Phylum Porifera:
• Sea sponges
• Simple, sessile
• # layers in body plan:
– none (aggregate of diff cell types); body built around water
canals that circulate nutrients to specialized cells
– No muscle/nerves, no organs
• Opening for mouth/anus:
– Neither (filter feed)
• Method of support:
– silica or Ca spicules linked together
5.5.4 Distinguish between the following phyla of
animals, using simple external recognition features:
Phylum Cnidaria:
• Jellyfish, hydra (mobile); sea anemones & corals
(sessile)
• # layers in body plan:
– 2 (diploblastic; radial symmetry)
• Opening for mouth/anus:
– 1 opening – gastric pouch- resp gases and nutrients
• Nematocysts = stinging cells, toxins
• Method of support:
– CaCO3 skeleton
5.5.4 Distinguish between the following phyla of
animals, using simple external recognition features:
Phylum Platyhelminthes:
• Flatworms...Flatty Platty! 
– parasitic or free-living
• # layers in body plan:
– 3 (triploblastic; bilateral symm)
• Opening for mouth/anus:
– 1 opening – to gut; many folds (S. Area)
– No heart/lungs
• Method of support:
– muscle layers
5.5.4 Distinguish between the following phyla of
animals, using simple external recognition features:
Phylum Annelida:
• Segmented worms (earthworms, leeches,
polychaetes)
– parasitic or free-living; marine/terrestrial
• # layers in body plan:
– 3 (triploblastic; bilateral symm); segments w/some
specialization
– Gas exchange through skin
• Opening for mouth/anus:
– Gastric tract w/2 openings – mouth  gut  anus
• Method of support:
– muscle layers
5.5.4 Distinguish between the following phyla of
animals, using simple external recognition features:
Phylum Mollusca:
• Snails, slugs, bivalves, octopus
• # layers in body plan:
– 3 (triploblastic; bilateral symm)
• Opening for mouth/anus:
– Gastric tract w/2 openings – mouth  gut  anus
• Foot (muscular for movemt); Central visceral mass
(organs); Mantle (folded membranes, contain gills)
• Method of support:
– muscle layers; mantle may secrete calcareous shell
5.5.4 Distinguish between the following phyla of
animals, using simple external recognition features:
Phylum Arthropoda:
• Insects, crustaceans, spiders, scorpions, millipedes
• Very diverse & adapted group!
• # layers in body plan:
– 3 (triploblastic; bilateral symm)
• Opening for mouth/anus:
– Gastric tract w/2 openings – mouth  gut  anus
• Jointed body segments & appendages; some fly
• Method of support: hard exoskeleton (chitin)
5.5.5 Apply and design a key for a group of up to
eight organisms.
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DICHOTOMOUS Keys
?  2 alternative answers
Focus on details as you go through
Most characteristics readily observed/measured
Group things...
– Choose characteristics not influenced by environmental
factors
• Shape, # of things
• Classify each organism with a final id’d name