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Cnidarians & Ctenophores (Cnidos) stinging nettle Ch.7 Marine Biology Book Ch.33-2 Biology Book Mr. Werner - MATES Phylum Cnidaria Intro Video • Cnidarians • Biology of Cnidarians Phylum Cnidaria • Includes marine organisms such as jellyfish, Portuguese man-of-war, coral, sea anemone, & sea fans • Hydra is a freshwater cnidarian Phylum Cnidaria • All carnivorous • Have 2 cell layers (epidermis -outer & gastrodermis-inner) with a hollow body called gastrovascular cavity • Contain a jelly-like layer between epidermis & gastrodermis called mesoglea • Single opening (mouth/anus) to gastrovascular cavity where food & water enter & wastes leave; called two-way digestive system • Have tentacles around mouth to pull in water & capture food Cnidarians (Fig.7.8) Have a simple nerve net to help with movement & senses Medusae Have Statoctsts – control balance • Sessile members include corals, sea anemones, & sea fans Have radial symmetry as adults Contain stinging cells called cnidocytes in their tentacles that contain coiled stingers called nematocysts that can shoot out & paralyze prey Stinging cell Cnidarian Body Forms (Fig.7.6) • Have 2 basic body forms ---polyp & medusa • Polyp forms are usually sessile with upright tentacles arranged around the mouth at the top and with a thin layer of mesoglea • Corals, hydra, & sea anemones exist in the polyp form as adults Cnidarians • Medusa forms are usually free- swimming, bell-shaped animals with tentacles that hang down • Jellyfish & Portuguese man-of-war are medusa form as adults • Polyps are the asexual stage • Medusa are the sexual stage Cnidaria (Fig.7.7) • Hydra structure JELLYFISH LIFE CYCLE Moon Jelly Life Cycle Video Coral Reefs • Most corals, like other cnidarians, contain a symbiotic • • algae called zooxanthellae, within their gastrodermal cells. The coral provides the algae with a protected environment and the compounds necessary for photosynthesis. Most importantly, they supply the coral with organic products of photosynthesis. These compounds, including glucose, glycerol, and amino acids, are utilized by the coral as building blocks in the manufacture of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates, as well as the synthesis of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Major coral reef sites are seen as red dots on this world map. Most of the reefs, with a few exceptions are found in tropical and semitropical waters, between 30° north and 30° south latitudes. (NOAA) Types of Coral Reefs Ctenophores Phylum Ctenophora • the name is pronounced with a silent "c", as • • • • • • "teen-o-four" or "ten-o-four" comb jellies eight rows of cilia arranged to form a stack of combs, also called comb plates, or ctenes ("comb bearer“). Video 1 Video 2 – Blood-Belly Comb Jelly Video 3 – BBC Coral Reef Danger Video 3 – Arabian Sea Ctenophores • live only in marine waters • 100-150 species • may be seasonally much more abundant in the spring and early summer • typically planktonic, transparent and unpigmented, and most swim by synchronous beating of the eight rows of comb plates Coastal Ctenophores -3 groups • 1. Cydippida -round or oblong in shape Pleurobrachia • 2. Lobata -have a pair of highly expandable lobes that are used as sticky prey capture surfaces • 3. Most beroids are in this genus Pleurobrachia Bolinopsis infundibulum • Lobed Comb Jelly Groups continued • Beroids are elongate animals that may be cylindrical or very flat, are often more translucent than transparent, and may be colorless or light pink or yellowish. • Beroes open up like a sack to engulf their prey, which is most typically other species of ctenophores Beroe Comb Jelly Oceanic ctenophores • defined by a combination of water temperature, light availability, depth and other factors • more fragile that coastal species & can break into a million pieces if touched The ctenophore Deiopea is found near the surface around the world. Notice the thin filamentous branches of the tentacles which trail along the body from the mouth (top). (Approx length 5 cm). • This dramatic ctenophore lives near the bottom at depths around 1000 meters. It has not yet been named by scientists. Although it looks conspicuously colored when illuminated, there is practically no red light in its habitat, so red is as good as black. When disturbed, this species releases bioluminescent material into the water, causing a confusing swarm of sparkling lights. Notice also the darkly pigmented gut which masks the luminescence of its prey. (Length >15 cm) Ctenophore light-scattering and bioluminescence • produced by beating of the eight rows of locomotory cilia • this is simple light diffraction or scattering of light by the moving cilia, not bioluminescence • Most (but not all) ctenophores are also bioluminescent, but that light (usually blue or green) can only be seen in darkness. changing rainbow of colors running down the comb Feeding • The tentacles of most cydippid and lobate ctenophores are covered by specialized microscopic sticky structures known as colloblasts • After prey capture, the tentacle with its adhering captured-prey is contracted and brought across the ctenophore's mouth for ingestion Source for Comb Jellies • http://faculty.washington.edu/cemills/Cten ophores.html