Download video slide

Anatomy and Physiology of animals
Animal form and Function
Animal size and shape
Tissue structure and function
Thermoregulation- Ectotherms and Endotherms
Nutrition
Stages of food processing
Animal diversity
Invertebrates- Porifera (sponges)
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Triploblastic (treis, three +blaste, sprout)
• Animals described in chapters 10-22
• Tissues derived from three embryological
layers
• Ectoderm- outer layer
• Endoderm- lines the gut
• Mesoderm- meso, middle, Third layer between
Ecto and Endo
– Give rise to supportive cells
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 7.11
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Most have an organ system level of
organization
• Usually bilaterally symmetrical or evolved from
bilateral ancestors
• Organized into several groups based on the
presence or absence of body cavity and for
those that posses one, the kind of body cavity
present.
• Body cavity- fluid filled space in which the
internal organs can be suspended and
separated from the body wall movie
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Ribon worm
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Acoelomate Bilateral Animals
1.
Simplest organisms to
have bilateral symmetry
2.
Triploblastic
3.
Lack a coelom
4.
Organ-system level of
organization
5.
Cephalization
6.
Elongated, without
appendages
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Reproductive and
osmoregulatory systems
Acoelomate Bilateral Animals
• Consist of phyla:
– Phylum
Platyhelminthes
– Phylum Nemertea
– Others…
Ribon worm
flatworm
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Triploblastic Pseudocoelomate pseudes, false
• Body cavity not entirely lined by mesoderm
• No muscle or connective tissue associated with
gut
• No mesodermal
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Triploblastic Coelomate Pattern
• Coelom is a body cavity completely surrounded
by mesoderm
• Peritoneum- mesodermal sheet that lines the
inner body wall and serosa (outer covering of
visceral organs)
• Having mesodermally derived tissue (muscle,
connective tissue) enhances the function of all
internal body systems.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 7.12
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The comparative study of animals
– Reveals that form and function are closely
correlated
Figure 40.1
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Physical Laws and Animal Form
• Evolutionary convergence
– Reflects different species’ independent
adaptation to a similar environmental challenge
(a) Tuna
(b) Shark
(c) Penguin
(d) Dolphin
(e) Seal
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Exchange with the Environment
• An animal’s size and shape
– Have a direct effect on how the animal
exchanges energy and materials with its
surroundings
• Exchange with the environment occurs as
substances dissolved in the aqueous medium
– Diffuse and are transported across the cells’
plasma membranes
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• A single-celled protist living in water
– Has a sufficient surface area of plasma
membrane to service its entire volume of
cytoplasm
Diffusion
(a) Single cell
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Multicellular organisms with a sac body plan
– Have body walls that are only two cells thick,
facilitating diffusion of materials
Mouth
Gastrovascular
cavity
Diffusion
Diffusion
(b) Two cell layers
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Organisms with more complex body plans
Have highly folded internal surfaces specialized for exchanging materials
External environment
Mouth
Food
CO2
O2
Respiratory
system
0.5 cm
Cells
Heart
Nutrients
Circulatory
system
50 µm
Animal
body
A microscopic view of the lung reveals
that it is much more spongelike than
balloonlike. This construction provides
an expansive wet surface for gas
exchange with the environment (SEM).
10 µm
Interstitial
fluid
Digestive
system
Excretory
system
The lining of the small intestine, a digestive organ, is elaborated with fingerlike
projections that expand the surface area
for nutrient absorption (cross-section, SEM).
Anus
Unabsorbed
matter (feces)
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Metabolic waste
products (urine)
Inside a kidney is a mass of microscopic
tubules that exhange chemicals with
blood flowing through a web of tiny
vessels called capillaries (SEM).
• Animal form and function are correlated at all
levels of organization
• Animals are composed of cells
• Groups of cells with a common structure and
function
– Make up tissues
• Different tissues make up organs
– Which together make up organ systems
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Tissue Structure and Function
• Different types of tissues
– Have different structures that are suited to their
functions
• Tissues are classified into four main categories
– Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Epithelial tissue
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
Columnar epithelia, which have cells with relatively large cytoplasmic volumes, are often
located where secretion or active absorption of substances is an important function.
A simple
columnar
epithelium
A stratified columnar
epithelium
A pseudostratified
ciliated columnar
epithelium
Stratified squamous epithelia
Cuboidal epithelia
Simple squamous epithelia
Basement membrane
40 µm
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
• Connective tissue
100 µm
Chondrocytes
Chondroitin
sulfate
100 µm
Collagenous
fiber
Elastic
fiber
Cartilage
Loose connective tissue
Adipose tissue
Fibrous connective tissue
Fat droplets
150 µm
Nuclei
30 µm
Blood
Bone
Central
canal
Red blood cells
White blood cell
Osteon
700 µm
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Plasma
55 µm
• Muscle and nervous tissue
MUSCLE TISSUE
100 µm
Skeletal muscle
Multiple
nuclei
Muscle fiber
Sarcomere
Cardiac muscle
Nucleus Intercalated
disk
Smooth muscle
50 µm
Nucleus
Muscle
fibers
25 µm
NERVOUS TISSUE
Process
Neurons
Cell body
Nucleus
50 µm
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Organs and Organ Systems
• In all but the simplest animals
– Different tissues are organized into organs
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• In some organs
– The tissues are arranged in layers
Lumen of
stomach
Mucosa. The mucosa is an
epithelial layer that lines
the lumen.
Submucosa. The submucosa is
a matrix of connective tissue
that contains blood vessels
and nerves.
Muscularis. The muscularis consists
mainly of smooth muscle tissue.
Serosa. External to the muscularis is the serosa,
a thin layer of connective and epithelial tissue.
0.2 mm
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Representing a level of organization higher
than organs
– Organ systems carry out the major body
functions of most animals
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Organ systems in mammals
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Mechanisms of Homeostasis
• Mechanisms of homeostasis
– Moderate changes in the internal environment
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Ectotherms and Endotherms
• Ectotherms
– Include most invertebrates, fishes, amphibians,
and non-bird reptiles
• Endotherms
– Include birds and mammals
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• After the energetic needs of staying alive are met
– Any remaining molecules from food can be used
in biosynthesis
Organic molecules
in food
External
environment
Animal
body
Digestion and
absorption
Heat
Nutrient molecules
in body cells
Carbon
skeletons
Cellular
respiration
Energy
lost in
feces
Energy
lost in
urine
Heat
ATP
Biosynthesis:
growth,
storage, and
reproduction
Heat
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cellular
work
Heat
• A homeostatic control system has three
functional components
– A receptor, a control center, and an effector
Response
No heat
produced
Heater
turned
off
Room
temperature
decreases
Too
hot
Set
point
Too
cold
Set
point
Set point
Control center:
thermostat
Room
temperature
increases
Heater
turned
on
Response
Heat
produced
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• In general, ectotherms
– Tolerate greater variation in internal temperature
than endotherms
40
Body temperature (°C)
River otter (endotherm)
30
20
Largemouth bass (ectotherm)
10
0
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
10
20
30
40
Ambient (environmental) temperature (°C)
• Animals feed by four main mechanisms
SUSPENSION FEEDERS
SUBSTRATE FEEDERS
Feces
Baleen
Caterpillar
FLUID FEEDERS
BULK FEEDERS
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Homeostatic mechanisms manage an animal’s
energy budget
• Nearly all of an animal’s ATP generation
– Is based on the oxidation of energy-rich
molecules: carbohydrates, proteins, and fats
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Animals with simple body plans
– Have a gastrovascular cavity that functions in
both digestion and distribution of nutrients
Tentacles
Mouth
Food
Gastrovascular
cavity
Epidermis
Mesenchyme
Gastrodermis
Nutritive
muscular
cells
Flagella
Gland cells
Food vacuoles
Mesenchyme
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Animals with a more complex body plan
– Have a digestive tube with two openings, a
mouth and an anus
• This digestive tube
– Is called a complete digestive tract or an
alimentary canal
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings