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Chapter 6 •Marine Animals Without Backbones Protista •Single cellular eukaryotes & multicellular algae Protozoa •Heterotrophic of animal-like protists Foraminiferans •Protozoan with a calcium carbonate shell Radiolarians •Protozoan with a glass shell Ciliates •Protozoan with hairlike structures on its surface that is used for mobility Pseudopodia •False feet •Oozing cytoplasm Ooze •Fine sediment on the ocean floor Calcareous Ooze •Fine sediment made up of calcium carbonate Siliceous Ooze •Fine sediment from silicates or silicone dioxide Diatomaceous Ooze •Fine sediment from diatom shells Foramaceous Ooze •Fine sediment made from the shells of forams Radiolarian Ooze •Fine sediment made from radiolarian shells Animalia •Multicellular complex heterotrophs •No cell wall •No Chloroploasts Vertebrates •Animals with backbones Invertebrates •Animals without backbones Sponge •Phylum: Porifera Characteristics • Simplest animal, No true tissue, Little symmetry, Pores, Sessile as adult, protein skeleton, spicules, regeneration, sex & asex Spongin •Protein skeleton in sponges Spicules •Glass barbs emitted by sponges when you rub against one Sessile •Attached to a surface Osculum •Opening at the top of a sponge •Water forced out through osculum Suspension Feeders •Organisms that feed on suspended particles Filter Feeders •Organisms that filter particles out of the water Types of Sponges •Boring Sponge •Glass Sponge •Encrusting sponge •Bath sponge Jellies •Phylum: Cnidaria •Coelenterata •Jellies, coral, sea anemones, hydras Characteristics • Tissue but no organs, transparent jelly-like body, radial symmetry, tentacles, stinging cells • sexual & asexual Medusa •Bell shaped drifting body with tentacles hanging below Polyp •Tubular shaped body •Attached to a surface at one end •Tentacles point out Radial Symmetry • Symmetry like a circle or ball, one slice may be cut out of the circle that is identical to other slices Nematocysts •Stinging cells Planula •Larval stage of Cnidarians that is planktonic Classes of Cniderians •Hydrozoa •Anthozoa •Scyphozoa •Siphonophora Hydrozoa •Willowy polyp •Hydras Anthozoa •Muscular polyp •Sea anemones, & coral Scyphozoa •Medusa •Jelly fish or jellies Siphonophora • Floating colonies with gas filled bell & hanging tentacles • Portugese Man-of-war Comb Jellies •Ctenophora •Radially symmetrical with eight rows of cilia Flat Worms • Phylum: Platyhelminthes • Organs & crude systems, Bilateral symmetry, flattened body Bilateral Symmetry • Bodies are arranged into two identical halfs • Left & right Cephalization •Head formation •Anterior end •Anterior: front end •Posterior End: rear end •Dorsal: Upper surface •Ventral: Lower surface Round Worms •Phylum: Nematoda •Good system formation, mostly parasitic, bilateral symmetry, head formation, many species Segmented Worms • Phylum: Annelida • Segmented body, good systems, parapodia Others: • Spiculida: peanut worms • Pogonophora, bearded worms • Chaetognatha: Arrow worms • Bryazoa: mossy animals • Brachiopoda: lamp shells Molluscs •Phylum: Mollusca Characteristics •Soft body, muscular foot, rasping tongue, mantle, bilateral symmetry, well developed brain, sexual reproduction Mantle •Thin layer of tissue that produces the shell Radula •Small ribbon of teeth used to rasp material off a surface •Rasping tongue Classes of Molluscs •Gastropoda •Bivalvia •Cephalopoda •Polyplacophora Gastropoda •Stomach foot •Snails & slugs Bivalvia •Two shells •Clams, oysters, scallops, & mussels Cephalopodia •Head foot •Octopus & Squid Polyplacophora •Turtle like •Chitons Byssal Threads •Strong threads secreted by mussels that attach to hard surfaces & hold mussels in place Arthropods •Phylum: Arthropoda •Insects, spiders, crustaceans, etc •Armored achievers Characteristics •Segmented body, jointed legs, exoskeleton, antenna, metamorphosis, bilateral symmetry, molts Crustacea •Subphylum of Sea insects •All characteristics including gills •Crabs, lobsters, etc. Types of Crustaceans • Copepods • Amphipods • Isopods • Barnicles * Krill * Decapods * Horseshoe crbs * Sea spiders Copepods •Microscopic crustaceans •Extremely abundant Amphipods •< 1 inch long •Beach hoppers •Sand crabs Isopods •Same size as amphipods •Pill bugs, roly-poly bugs Barnicles •Filter feeders that attach to a surface •Cone shaped when attached Krill • Planktonic shrimp-like crustaceans < 5 cm • Very abundant • Whale food Decapods • Ten legged crustaceans we love to eat, scavengers & bottom feeders • Crabs, lobsters, shrimp, crawfish, etc. Zoea •Larval stage of a crab Echinoderms • Phylum: Echinodermata •sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, etc Characteristics • Penta-radial symmetry, water vascular system, endoskeleton, tubular feet, spiny skin, regeneration Classes of Echinoderms • Asteroidea • Ophiuroidea • Echinoidea • Crinoidea • Holothuroidea Asteroidea • Muscular stars • Normal star fish Ophiuroidea • Brittle stars • Willowy stars Echinoidea • Spiney stars • sea urchins & sand dollars Crinoidea • Feathery stars • Crinoids Holothuroidea • Tubular stars • Sea cucumbers Others • Hemichords: acorn worm • Protochords: spinal cord, but no backbone • Urochords: tunicates • Cephalochords: Lancelets Chordata • Spinal cord
