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Porifera (Sponges)
Characteristics:
• Most Primitive Species of Animal
• Live in marine environments, few live in fresh water
• Asymmetrical- no symmetry
• Structures are porous
• They are heterotrophic filter feeders that do intracellular
digestion- have special choanocyte cells to keep water moving into
their bodies to capture food
• Sessile- no movement
• Excrete as water leaves their body
• Respiration: Water exits through Osculum, large pore at the top
• Sexual and Asexual Reproducers
• No nervous system
Porifera (Sponges) Examples
Sponges are important because:
• Protect coral reefs from wave action
• Homes/habitats to many organisms
• Used for commercial products
Cnidarians
Know two
body shapes!
Characteristics:
• Stinging-celled Creatures
• Live in marine or fresh water
• Radial symmetry
• Some are sessile (no movement) ex. Coral, sea anemone
• Some reproduce sexually by releasing gametes into the water, some
are asexual and reproduce by budding.
• They can live as an individual (jellyfish and Hydra) or in colonies
(Man-of –war and coral)
• Heterotrophic: use Nematocyst (stinging cells) to incapacitate prey,
“Chunk Feeders”- use same opening for mouth and anus, and have
internal gastrovascular cavity for digestion
• Some are Medusas and move by water currents and jet propulsion
Ex. Jelly fish
• Breathe and get rid of waste through diffusion into water
• “Nerve Net” around mouth that detect changes in environment
• Hydrostatic Skeleton- muscles surround water in gastrovascular
cavity for support and movement
Cnidarian Examples
Medusas: Jelly fish and
Hydra
* Polyps: Sea anemones
and Coral
Platyhelminthes
(Flat Worms)
Nematode
(Round Worms)
Annelida
(segmented Worms)
Parasitic- feeds off host
Digestive cavity- opening on
one end, mouth & anus the
same opening
Digestive Tract- opening on
two ends
Digestive Tract- opening on
two ends; has a gizzard to
grind food
Diffusion through body walls
Diffusion through body walls
Aquatic- uses gills
Terrestrial- through moist skin
Diffusion through body walls
Diffusion through body walls
Closed circulatory system with
veins and arteries
Aortic Arches- 5 hearts
Flame Cells- remove excess
water
Diffusion through body walls
Nephridia- primitive kidney to
remove wastes
Nervous system is comprised
of a ganglia (primitive brain)
Eyespots- sensitive to light
Nervous system is comprised
of a ganglia (primitive brain)
with sense organs
Has a brain and well
developed nervous system
with sense organs
Cilia (hairs) or muscles
Hydrostatic Skeleton- Muscles Hydrostatic Skeleton- Muscles
surrounded by fluid filled
surrounded by fluid filled
cavity for support
cavity for support and cilia
Hermaphrodite- sperm and
egg or Asexual
Sexual and Asexual (fission)
Internal Reproduction
External sexual Reproduction
Has trochophore larvae stage
Worm Examples
Flat:
Flukes
Tapeworms
Planarians
Round:
Hookworm
Guinea
Pinworm
Dog’s Heartworm
Segmented:
Earthworms
Leeches
Tube worm
Sand Worm
Mollusks
Characteristics
• Soft bodied animal with internal or external shell and coelom (body
cavity)
• Bilateral Symmetry
• Four part body: foot, mantle (tissue covers body), shell, visceral
mass (internal organs)
• Reproduction with trochophore larvae stage which shows relation
to annelids (segmented worms)
• Open and closed circulatory system *look at diagram
• Some have a small cluster of nerve cells called a ganglia while
others have a developed nervous system with brain
• Tube shaped Nephridia removes nitrogen waste in form of
ammonia
• They are grouped into smaller taxons by their foot and number of
shells
– See Molluks Class Chart
Glass Bivalvia
Mollusk
Classes
No shell or single shell
Two shells (Bivalves)
Class Gastropoda
Class Cephalopoda
(univalves)
Head attached to foot/feet
(tentacles or “arms”)
Stomach Foot
Burrowing Hatchet foot
Most active/fast of all
mollusks- jet propulsion
Breathe through diffusion
Breathe using gills
Breathe using gills
Radula- long tongue with
teeth
Filter feeders
Mouth or “beak”
Simple nervous system with
Simple nervous system with
Complex nervous system with
ganglia (small groups of nerve ganglia (small groups of nerve brain
cells)
cells)
Sexual External reproduction
(some internal)
Sexual External Reproduction
Sexual internal reproduction
Terrestrial
Aquatic
Aquatic
Snail, Conch
Clams, oysters, scallops
BIVALVE
Octopus, Squid, nautilus
Arthropods
= Why Arthropods are so
successful
Characteristics
• Bilateral Symmetry
• Segmented Appendages for quick movement and an exoskeleton that
provides mobility and protection
– Arthropods Molt to get rid of their old exoskeleton for growth
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Open Circulation with developed heart
Muscles for locomotion such as flight, walking or swimming
Specialized Mouth parts to eat almost any food
Could be Herbivore or Carnivore or Omnivore or Parasite or Filter Feeder or
Detritivore
Live in water (aquatic) or on land (terrestrial)
Aquatic Arthropods use gills to breath and diffuse waste our of their bodies
into water
Terrestrial Arthropods use spiracles or book lungs to breath and malpighian
tubes to get rid of waste
Have a well developed nervous system including brain and sense organs for
sight and taste
Terrestrial Arthropods reproduce internally while Aquatic Arthropods can
reproduce either externally or internally
Arthropod
Examples:
Crabs, Shrimp, and
Lobster
MOLTING!
Shedding of Exoskeleton
Scorpions and
Spiders
Insects and other
bugs
Echinoderms
Characteristics:
• Radial Symmetry- Most 5 part; arms attached to a central
disk
• Have an endoskeleton
• Use water vascular system for circulation, respiration,
excretion and movement
– Water circulates oxygen and nutrients
– Tube feet- suction cups on underside allows for main respiration
surface
– Ampulla (muscular sac) forces water into the tube feet and
allows organism to “walk”
• Nerve ring around the mouth to detect light and prey
• Reproduce externally by putting gametes out into water
• External Digestion- pushes stomach out of its mouth
Tube Feet!
External Digestion!
Echinoderm Examples:
Sea Stars
“ I am a carnivore and
can regenerate parts of
my body that fall off!”
Sea Urchins
“I control the algea
population by eating it”
Brittle Stars
“I can make my arms
come off to distract prey”
Sea Cucumbers
“ I look like a warty pickle
and eat dead organisms”
Sand Dollars
Sea Lilies
“I am the most ancient of
all echinoderms”