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KINGDOM ANIMALIA
General Characteristics
of Animals
Kingdom Animalia
All animals are multicellular,
eukaryotic heterotrophs
Adult animals develop from
embryos: small masses of
unspecialized cells
Simple animals can regenerate or
grow back missing parts
Most animals ingest their food and
then digest it in some kind of
Animal Diversity
Somewhere around 9 or 10
million species of animals
inhabit the earth.
About 800,000 species have
been identified.
Animal Phyla- Biologists recognize about 36 separate
phyla within the Kingdom Animalia.
(We’ll study the 10 major ones!)
Mollusca
5%
Arthropoda
87%
Other
12%
Chordata
2%
Cnidaria
1%
Platyhelminthes
1%
Nematoda
1%
Annelida
1%
Porifera
1%
Echinodermata
1%
Animal Movement
Most animals are capable of complex and
relatively rapid movement compared to plants
and other organisms.
Organisms that live rooted to one spot are
sessile and those that move around are motile.
Even the most sessile animals can move at least
part of their bodies. This movement is
dependent on how animals obtain food.
Animal Reproduction
Most animals reproduce sexually,
by means of differentiated haploid
cells
(eggs and sperm)
Most animals are diploid, meaning
that the cells of adults contain two
copies of the genetic material.
Animal Sizes
Animals range in size from no
more than a few cells to
organisms weighing many tons!
a mesozoan
blue whale
Animal Habitats
Most animals inhabit the seas,
with fewer in fresh water and
even fewer on land.
Animal Cell Diagram
Animal Bodies
The bodies of most animals
(all except sponges) are made up of cells
organized into tissues.
Each tissue is specialized to perform
specific functions.
In most animals, tissues are organized
into even more specialized organs.
Organs form organ systems. This is how
an organism develops. These cells have
to differentiate and become specialized
in various ways.
Animal Systems
Skeletal- Support, protection- Bones, shells, cartilage
Muscular- Movement; Muscle tissue (smooth, striated,
cardiac)
Digestion- Digestion of food and absorption of
nutrients-Mouth, stomach, intestine
Circulatory- Distribution of nutrients and oxygen;
removal of wastes-Heart, blood vessels, blood
Respiratory- Absorption of oxygen; removal of CO2Lungs, gills
Excretory- Removal of wastes-Kidneys
Nervous- Perception, control of movement, control and
coordination of organ system activities-Brain, spinal
cord, nerves
Endocrine- Control and coordination of organ system
activities-Glands
Immune- Defense against disease-causing organismsBlood cells, glands, skin
Animal Symmetry
The most primitive animals are
asymmetrical.
Cnidarians and echinoderms
are radially symmetrical.
Most animals are bilaterally
symmetrical.
Radial Symmetry
Forms that can be divided into
similar halves by more than two
planes passing through it.
Animals with radial symmetry
are usually sessile, free-floating,
or weakly swimming.
Radially Symmetrical
Like a wheel, animals with this spend most of
their time floating like a buoy or attached to
rocks.
Differences between the dorsal and ventral
surfaces allow jellyfish to float upright; sea
anemones grip rocks with their ventral surfaces
and collect food with their specialized dorsal
surfaces.
Advantages: Architects and engineers use
radially symmetrical designs for structures such
as fire hydrants and lighthouses so that the
structures will be accessible or visible from any
horizontal direction
Bilateral Symmetry
Animals with bilateral symmetery are most wellsuited for directional movement.
Anterior (front end), and posterior (rear) end
The left and right sides of most animals are nearly
mirror images.
Advantages:
A. This body plan works well for animals, if a body
part is damaged, the animal can rely on an identical
part on its other side.
B. This symmetry provides balance that aids
movement.
C. Anterior and dorsal defenses such as bones,
shells, and horns protect delicate internal organs.
Radial vs. Bilateral
Symmetry
Cephalization
Bilateral Symmetry usually has
led to cephalization —
the process by which sensory
organs and appendages became
localized in the head (anterior)
end of animals.
Evolutionary Trends
If we analyze the basic body plans
of animals, we find that they
illustrate evolutionary trends.
Four major “advances” (in order):
1.
2.
3.
4.
Multicellular body plan
Bilaterally symmetrical body plan
“Tube-within-a-tube” body plan
Coelomate body plan
3 Major Bilateral Body Plans
1. Acoelomates (A-SEE-LOW-MATES)
2. Pseudocoelomates
3. Coelomates
Each plan consists of 3 cell
layers: endoderm, mesoderm,
ectoderm
Acoelomates
These animals
have no other
cavity than the
gut.
They are often
called the “solid
worms.”
Pseudocoelomates
These animals have a
body cavity (the
pseudocoelom) which
is not completely
lined with mesoderm.
The “tube within a
tube” body plan.
This category is also
composed of mostly
worms.
Coelomates
These animals have a
“true coelom” lined
with mesodermal
peritoneum.
Most animals are
coelomate
(EARTHWORM)
KINGDOM ANIMALIA:
10 PHYLA
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Porifera
Cnidaria
Rotifera
Platyhelminthes
Nematoda
Annelida
Mollusca
Arthropoda
Echinodermata
10. Chordata
Vertebrates
Invertebrates
Protostomes
Bilaterians
Radial symmetry
Bilateral symmetry
Eumetazoans
No true tissues
True tissues
Ancestral
colonial protist
Nematodes
Arthropods
Annelids
Molluscs
Flatworms
Chordates
Echinoderms
Cnidarians
Sponges
gure 18.4
Deuterostomes
Phylum Porifera
Sponges
Very primitive, no true tissues
Supported by spongin (protein fibers)
or spicules (mineral crystals)
Sessile animals live attached to rocks.
Get food/ oxygen from water that is
pumped through their hollow bodies by
cells with flagella
Filter feeders
Reproduce through budding and
sperm/eggs
Phylum Porifera
Flagellated choanocytes - Filter
food / O2 from the water passing
through the porous body
Pores
Choanocyte
Amoebocyte
Skeletal
fiber
Central
cavity
Figure 18.5D
Choanocyte
in contact
with an
amoebocyte
Water
flow
Flagella
Phylum Cnidaria
Have true tissue; no organs
Have a simple skeletal system
Excretion through same opening
used to pump food/ water through
Free-floating or sessile
2 stages of life cyclemedusa/polyp
Budding/sexual reproduction
Polyp stage
Cnidaria:
Corals, Jellyfish,
Sea Anemones
Medusa stage
Cnidarians have a gastrovascular
cavity and cnidocytes on
tentacles that sting prey
Capsule
(nematocyst)
Coiled
thread
Tentacle
“Trigger”
Discharge
of thread
Prey
Cnidocyte
Figure 18.6D
PHYLUM ROTIFERA
Very small size and mostly soft bodies
Microscopic, mostly aquatic-found in
many freshwater and moist soil
Complete digestive tract with mouth and
anus
Body cavities that are partially lined by
mesoderm- coelomates.
Crown of cilia around the mouth of the
rotifer that makes them appear to whirl
like a wheel
Tiny mouths; primarily omnivorous,
unicellular algae and other phytoplankton
Phylum Rotifera
Unsegmented Worms
Roundworms and flatworms are among the simplest bilaterally
symmetrical animals
Flatworms don’t need respiratory or circulatory systems
Thin flat bodies absorb oxygen and release CO2 and wasted
directly in the surrounding water.
Considered parasitic, they live in the digestive systems of other
animals.
Nematodes, or roundworms, are less than 1 mm long.
There are loads of nematodes in soil and water.
Some are decomposers others parasites of animals or plants
Pinworms and hookworms in soil burrow into the skin of people
who go barefoot outdoors
Trichina worms infest people who eat undercooked pork or wild
game.
Phylum
Platyhelminthes
Flatworms (tapeworms, Planaria)
3 cell layers- Acoelomates
Bilaterally symmetrical
No respiratory or circulatory systems;
gastrovascular cavity and organized
response mechanisms
Thin flat bodies absorb oxygen and
release CO2 and wasted directly in the
surrounding water.
Reproduce by splitting in 2
Some parasitic, they live in the digestive
systems of other animals.
A planarian has a gastrovascular
cavity and a simple nervous
system
Gastrovascular
cavity
Nerve cords
Mouth
Eyespots
Nervous
tissue
clusters
Figure 18.7A
Bilateral symmetry
Flukes and tapeworms are parasitic
flatworms
Colorized SEM 80
Units with
reproductive
structures
Figure 18.7B
Hooks
Sucker
Scolex
(anterior
end)
Phylum Nematoda
Roundworms
Less than 1 mm long; Live in soil and
water.
Sexual reproduction- male sperm/female
egg
Some are decomposers, others are
parasites of animals or plants
Pseudocoelom; complete digestive
system
Pinworms and hookworms in soil burrow
into the skin of people who go barefoot
outdoors; Trichina worms infest people
who eat undercooked pork or wild game.
Phylum Nematoda
Simple Invertebrates Lab
Covers Porifera, Rotifers,
Nematoda, Cnidaria, and
Platyhelminthes
Animalia Notes continued
in
Part 2 power point….