Download Kingdom Animalia Invertebrates

Kingdom Animalia
Invertebrates
Chapters 34 - 40
CPI BIOLOGY
1
Homework*
Chapter 34
Do Q1-25 pg688-9 Due: 5/14
Chapter 35
Do Q1-25 pg704
Due: 5/14
Chapter 36
Do Q1-25 pg720
Due: 5/14
Chapter 37
Do Q1-25 pg738
Due: 5/14
Chapter 38
Do Q1-25 pg756
Due: 5/14
Chapter 39
Do Q1-25 pg776
Due: 5/14
Chapter 40
Do Q1-25 pg792
Due: 5/14
* Choose any 4 chapters to complete for homework; any additional
chapters will be used as extra credit
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Characteristics
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Multi-cellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes
Simple to complex body plans
Many have elaborate life cycles
Many free-living
Many parasitic
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Definitive host – host in which parasite is sexually
mature
Intermediate host(s) – host(s) in which larval &
juvenile forms of parasite are found
Vector – mechanism for transmission of parasite; may
be an organism, water, wind, body contact
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Terms
– top, head
 Posterior – rear, tail
 Ventral – front, belly
 Dorsal - back
 Cephalic – head
 Caudal - tail
 Lateral - sides
 Symmetry – Bilateral, Radial, Asymmetry
 Anterior
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Systems
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Nervous system
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Digestive system
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External or internal, composition
Consider mode of locomotion (how does it move around?)
Circulatory system
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Sexual v. asexual, individual sexes (dioecious), hermaphroditic
(monoecious)
Skeletal (support) system
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Mouth, anus, organs
Reproductive system
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Brain, sense organs
Closed or open
Excretory system
Respiratory system
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Lungs or gills
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Invertebrate Characteristics
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Group of organisms in the kingdom Animalia that
have no backbone
Symmetry – radial or bilateral
Some segmented – body composed of a series
of repeating (often similar) segments
Support is often external – exoskeleton
Gas exchange often thru membranes; some
have gills; some tracheal tube system
Circulatory system may be nonexistant (like
sponges), open (like arthropods), or closed (like
annelids)
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Invertebrate Characteristics con’t
– may occur in each individual
cell (sponge), may have a central chamber
or a digestive tract running thru body
(beginning with mouth & ending with anus)
 Excretion – those with a gut have an anus,
some simply expel waste from cell
 Nervous system – some have no neurons,
others have simple ganglia with sensory
organs, located in anterior end - head
 Digestion
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Invertebrate Characteristics con’t
– some reproduce asexually,
many have a sexual phase
 Reproduction
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Some are hermaphrodites (monoecious)
Many dioecious – sexes separate
 Development
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Indirect – organism goes thru phases to reach
adulthood
Direct – organism looks the same as adult as
does as young
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Body Cavity Types
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Acoelomates
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Pseudocoelomates
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Gut composed of endoderm cells
Surrounded by mesoderm
No body cavity
Gut composed of endoderm cells
Surrounded by fluid-filled cavity that is surrounded by mesoderm
False body cavity
Coelomates
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Gut composed of endoderm cells
Surrounded by and suspended by mesoderm
Mesoderm forms attachment tissues
True body cavity
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Phylum Porifera
Sponges
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Represent transition from unicellular to
multicellular
Asymmetrical, larvae bilateral
Cells line a cavity (opening is osculum) into
which water is “sucked” and food is filtered out
Supported by protein fibers (spongin) or CaCO3
particles (spicules)
Most species monoecious or hermaphroditic,
some separate sexes
Incredible ability to regenerate
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Sponges
Note: larval form is motile;
adult form is sessile
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Phyla Cnidaria & Ctenophora
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Cnidaria – formerly known as Coelenterata
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Hydra, jellyfish, coral belong to Cnidaria
Polyp (sessile) & medusa (mobile) – depends on life
cycle timing
Hollow body cavity surrounded by tentacles
Nematocyst – stinging cells
Have a nerve net to respond to stimuli
Ctenophora – Comb Jellies
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8 comb-like rows of cilia on exterior
Colloblasts – sticky substance to blind prey
Bioluminescent
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Cnidaria
 Life
Cycle
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Cnadaria
Hydra capturing & consuming a small
aquatic crustacean
Note the nematocysts on the tentacles
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Ctenophora
Fig 1: General Body Plan
Fig 2
Fig 3
Figs 2 & 3: Actual pictures of comb jellies
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Phylum Platyhelmenthes
 Flatworms,
bilateral symmetry, acoelomate
 Respiration by simple gas exchange
 Digestion – single opening (head), food
taken in & digested, undigested material
out thru same opening
 Many parasitic (cestodes, trematodes)
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Liver flukes, tapeworms
 Free
living forms (turbellairans) - planaria
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Planaria
Fig 1: General Body Plan
Fig 2: Actual picture; able to be seen by
unaided eye
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Cestodes & Trematodes
(Flukes & Tapeworms)
Fig 1: Flukes; note
large oral sucker &
female has body
groove in which the
male resides
Fig 3
Fig 4
Fig 2
Figs 2-5: Tapeworms; note various scolexes for attachment to intestinal wall,
proglottids are the body segments that are simply reproductive sacs
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Phylum Nematoda
 Roundworms,
bilateral symmetry,
pseudocoelomate
 Digestion – 2 openings (mouth, anus);
anterior & posterior ends
 Many parasitic – ascaris, hookworm,
trichina, pinworm, flarial worm
Hookworm 
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Falarial Worms
Worms in excised tissue
Life Cycle
Vector: mosquito
Elephantiasis – condition caused by this nematode; treatable but not
reversible, worms clog vascular and lymph systems causing severe edema
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Trachina Worms
Figs 1 & 2: Trachina worms encysted in muscle tissue, if
human is not definitive host, then the worms that enter
human will wander thru the body and encyst, here they are
encysted in muscle and eye tissue
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Ascaris worms
Fig 1: General body
plan for Ascaris
Ascaris inhabits the
gastrointestinal tract of
its host
Fig 2: Child with severe infection; Ascaris migrates out of body orifices at night to lay eggs
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Phylum Rotifera
 Pseudocoelmate
 Most
transparent, free-living, marine (but
can withstand no water for long periods)
 Digestion – 2 openings (mouth,
cloaca/anus)
 Cephalization – simple cerebral ganglia,
often eyespots
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Rotifers
Fig 4
Figs 1-2: Pictures
anterior region
Fig 3: General body structure
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Phylum Mollusca
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Bilateral symmetry, coelomate
 Diverse organisms
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Gastropods (snails, slugs, nudibranchs)
• Crawl
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Bivalves (clams, oysters, scallops)
• Sessile (most)
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Cephalopods (octopus, squid, cuttlefish)
• Swim
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Gastropods & cephalopods have definite “head”,
all show cephalization - ganglia
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Bivalves
Fig 2: Mussels
Fig 1: Mollusk Evolution
Fig 3: Scallops
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Gastropods
Fig 1: Nudibranch
Fig 2: Snail
Fig 3: Nudibranch
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Cephalopods
Fig 1: Squid
Fig 2: Octopus
Fig 3: Cuttlefish
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Phylum Annelida
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Bilateral symmetry, coelomate
 Cephalization – head, neural ganglia with nerves
branching into the body
 Locomotion – external bristles (setae), fleshy protrusions
(parapodia)
 Digestion – 2 openings (mouth, anus)
 Excretion – solid waste (anus), liquid waste (nephridia)
 Circulation – 5 aortic arches with blood vessels
 Gas exchange – thru body covering
 Reproduction – hermaphorditic
 Examples – leeches, earthworms
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Earthworm
 Earthworm’s
exterior characteristics
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Bloodworm
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Leeches
Fig 1: Leeches, note suckers
Fig 2: Leeches on Turtle
Fig 3: Nasal Leech
on Redhead Duck
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Phylum Arthropoda
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Bilateral symmetry, coelomate
Cephalization – head w/ mouth and many
sensory organs (food sensors/handlers, eyes,
antennae)
Digestion – 2 openings (mouth, anus)
Circulation – open (no vessels)
Support – exoskeleton (chitin)
Locomotion – legs, swim, fly
Examples: Plankton, Arachnids (spiders,
scorpions, ticks, mites), Crustaceans (crayfish,
lobster, crab), Insects
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Arthropod Overview
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Insects
Fig 1: Beetles
Fig 2: Grasshopper
Fig 3: Leaf Bug
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Crustaceans
Fig 1: Blue Crab
Fig 2: Shrimp (male) top
Gravid shrimp (female) bottom
Fig 3: Lobster
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Arachnids
Fig 2: Marine Spider
Fig 1: “Face” of a spider
Fig 3: Scorpion
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More Arachnids
Spiders
Fig 1: Black Widow
Figs 2 & 3: Brown Recluse
Spider; Bite of a Brown
Recluse Spider
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More Arachnids
Ticks
Fig 3: Bite of tick
carrying Lyme Disease
Fig 1: Deer Tick
Fig 2: Engorged Tick
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Phylum Echinodermata
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Radial symmetry (larvae are bilateral),
coelomates
No cephalization, has a nerve ring circling mouth
& radiating down arms
Digestion – 2 openings (mouth, anus)
Has an oral surface (mouth here) & aboral
surface (anus here)
Reproduction – sexes separate
Gas exchange – skin gills, tube feet
Examples – starfish, sand dollar, sea lily, sea
urchin
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Echinoderms
Fig 1: Sand Dollar
Fig 3: Groupings for echinoderms
Fig 2: Sea Urchin
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Echinoderms
Figures are
Fig 1
Fig 2
1: Starfish
2: Brittle Star
3: Sea Urchin
4: Sea Fan
5: Sea Cucumber
Fig 3
Fig 4
Fig 5
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Echinoderms
Fig 1: Sea Fan
Fig 2: Starfish’s tube feet prying apart a mussel
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Echinoderms
Fig 1: Sea
Cucumber
Fig 2: Sea Urchin opened up
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