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Kingdom Animalia Invertebrates Chapters 34 - 40 CPI BIOLOGY 1 Homework* Chapter 34 Do Q1-25 pg688-9 Due: 5/14 Chapter 35 Do Q1-25 pg704 Due: 5/14 Chapter 36 Do Q1-25 pg720 Due: 5/14 Chapter 37 Do Q1-25 pg738 Due: 5/14 Chapter 38 Do Q1-25 pg756 Due: 5/14 Chapter 39 Do Q1-25 pg776 Due: 5/14 Chapter 40 Do Q1-25 pg792 Due: 5/14 * Choose any 4 chapters to complete for homework; any additional chapters will be used as extra credit 2 Characteristics Multi-cellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes Simple to complex body plans Many have elaborate life cycles Many free-living Many parasitic Definitive host – host in which parasite is sexually mature Intermediate host(s) – host(s) in which larval & juvenile forms of parasite are found Vector – mechanism for transmission of parasite; may be an organism, water, wind, body contact 3 Terms – top, head Posterior – rear, tail Ventral – front, belly Dorsal - back Cephalic – head Caudal - tail Lateral - sides Symmetry – Bilateral, Radial, Asymmetry Anterior 4 Systems Nervous system Digestive system External or internal, composition Consider mode of locomotion (how does it move around?) Circulatory system Sexual v. asexual, individual sexes (dioecious), hermaphroditic (monoecious) Skeletal (support) system Mouth, anus, organs Reproductive system Brain, sense organs Closed or open Excretory system Respiratory system Lungs or gills 5 Invertebrate Characteristics Group of organisms in the kingdom Animalia that have no backbone Symmetry – radial or bilateral Some segmented – body composed of a series of repeating (often similar) segments Support is often external – exoskeleton Gas exchange often thru membranes; some have gills; some tracheal tube system Circulatory system may be nonexistant (like sponges), open (like arthropods), or closed (like annelids) 6 Invertebrate Characteristics con’t – may occur in each individual cell (sponge), may have a central chamber or a digestive tract running thru body (beginning with mouth & ending with anus) Excretion – those with a gut have an anus, some simply expel waste from cell Nervous system – some have no neurons, others have simple ganglia with sensory organs, located in anterior end - head Digestion 7 Invertebrate Characteristics con’t – some reproduce asexually, many have a sexual phase Reproduction Some are hermaphrodites (monoecious) Many dioecious – sexes separate Development Indirect – organism goes thru phases to reach adulthood Direct – organism looks the same as adult as does as young 8 Body Cavity Types Acoelomates Pseudocoelomates Gut composed of endoderm cells Surrounded by mesoderm No body cavity Gut composed of endoderm cells Surrounded by fluid-filled cavity that is surrounded by mesoderm False body cavity Coelomates Gut composed of endoderm cells Surrounded by and suspended by mesoderm Mesoderm forms attachment tissues True body cavity 9 Phylum Porifera Sponges Represent transition from unicellular to multicellular Asymmetrical, larvae bilateral Cells line a cavity (opening is osculum) into which water is “sucked” and food is filtered out Supported by protein fibers (spongin) or CaCO3 particles (spicules) Most species monoecious or hermaphroditic, some separate sexes Incredible ability to regenerate 10 Sponges Note: larval form is motile; adult form is sessile 11 Phyla Cnidaria & Ctenophora Cnidaria – formerly known as Coelenterata Hydra, jellyfish, coral belong to Cnidaria Polyp (sessile) & medusa (mobile) – depends on life cycle timing Hollow body cavity surrounded by tentacles Nematocyst – stinging cells Have a nerve net to respond to stimuli Ctenophora – Comb Jellies 8 comb-like rows of cilia on exterior Colloblasts – sticky substance to blind prey Bioluminescent 12 Cnidaria Life Cycle 13 Cnadaria Hydra capturing & consuming a small aquatic crustacean Note the nematocysts on the tentacles 14 Ctenophora Fig 1: General Body Plan Fig 2 Fig 3 Figs 2 & 3: Actual pictures of comb jellies 15 Phylum Platyhelmenthes Flatworms, bilateral symmetry, acoelomate Respiration by simple gas exchange Digestion – single opening (head), food taken in & digested, undigested material out thru same opening Many parasitic (cestodes, trematodes) Liver flukes, tapeworms Free living forms (turbellairans) - planaria 16 Planaria Fig 1: General Body Plan Fig 2: Actual picture; able to be seen by unaided eye 17 Cestodes & Trematodes (Flukes & Tapeworms) Fig 1: Flukes; note large oral sucker & female has body groove in which the male resides Fig 3 Fig 4 Fig 2 Figs 2-5: Tapeworms; note various scolexes for attachment to intestinal wall, proglottids are the body segments that are simply reproductive sacs 18 Phylum Nematoda Roundworms, bilateral symmetry, pseudocoelomate Digestion – 2 openings (mouth, anus); anterior & posterior ends Many parasitic – ascaris, hookworm, trichina, pinworm, flarial worm Hookworm 19 Falarial Worms Worms in excised tissue Life Cycle Vector: mosquito Elephantiasis – condition caused by this nematode; treatable but not reversible, worms clog vascular and lymph systems causing severe edema 20 Trachina Worms Figs 1 & 2: Trachina worms encysted in muscle tissue, if human is not definitive host, then the worms that enter human will wander thru the body and encyst, here they are encysted in muscle and eye tissue 21 Ascaris worms Fig 1: General body plan for Ascaris Ascaris inhabits the gastrointestinal tract of its host Fig 2: Child with severe infection; Ascaris migrates out of body orifices at night to lay eggs 22 Phylum Rotifera Pseudocoelmate Most transparent, free-living, marine (but can withstand no water for long periods) Digestion – 2 openings (mouth, cloaca/anus) Cephalization – simple cerebral ganglia, often eyespots 23 Rotifers Fig 4 Figs 1-2: Pictures anterior region Fig 3: General body structure 24 Phylum Mollusca Bilateral symmetry, coelomate Diverse organisms Gastropods (snails, slugs, nudibranchs) • Crawl Bivalves (clams, oysters, scallops) • Sessile (most) Cephalopods (octopus, squid, cuttlefish) • Swim Gastropods & cephalopods have definite “head”, all show cephalization - ganglia 25 Bivalves Fig 2: Mussels Fig 1: Mollusk Evolution Fig 3: Scallops 26 Gastropods Fig 1: Nudibranch Fig 2: Snail Fig 3: Nudibranch 27 Cephalopods Fig 1: Squid Fig 2: Octopus Fig 3: Cuttlefish 28 Phylum Annelida Bilateral symmetry, coelomate Cephalization – head, neural ganglia with nerves branching into the body Locomotion – external bristles (setae), fleshy protrusions (parapodia) Digestion – 2 openings (mouth, anus) Excretion – solid waste (anus), liquid waste (nephridia) Circulation – 5 aortic arches with blood vessels Gas exchange – thru body covering Reproduction – hermaphorditic Examples – leeches, earthworms 29 Earthworm Earthworm’s exterior characteristics 30 Bloodworm 31 Leeches Fig 1: Leeches, note suckers Fig 2: Leeches on Turtle Fig 3: Nasal Leech on Redhead Duck 32 Phylum Arthropoda Bilateral symmetry, coelomate Cephalization – head w/ mouth and many sensory organs (food sensors/handlers, eyes, antennae) Digestion – 2 openings (mouth, anus) Circulation – open (no vessels) Support – exoskeleton (chitin) Locomotion – legs, swim, fly Examples: Plankton, Arachnids (spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites), Crustaceans (crayfish, lobster, crab), Insects 33 Arthropod Overview 34 Insects Fig 1: Beetles Fig 2: Grasshopper Fig 3: Leaf Bug 35 Crustaceans Fig 1: Blue Crab Fig 2: Shrimp (male) top Gravid shrimp (female) bottom Fig 3: Lobster 36 Arachnids Fig 2: Marine Spider Fig 1: “Face” of a spider Fig 3: Scorpion 37 More Arachnids Spiders Fig 1: Black Widow Figs 2 & 3: Brown Recluse Spider; Bite of a Brown Recluse Spider 38 More Arachnids Ticks Fig 3: Bite of tick carrying Lyme Disease Fig 1: Deer Tick Fig 2: Engorged Tick 39 Phylum Echinodermata Radial symmetry (larvae are bilateral), coelomates No cephalization, has a nerve ring circling mouth & radiating down arms Digestion – 2 openings (mouth, anus) Has an oral surface (mouth here) & aboral surface (anus here) Reproduction – sexes separate Gas exchange – skin gills, tube feet Examples – starfish, sand dollar, sea lily, sea urchin 40 Echinoderms Fig 1: Sand Dollar Fig 3: Groupings for echinoderms Fig 2: Sea Urchin 41 Echinoderms Figures are Fig 1 Fig 2 1: Starfish 2: Brittle Star 3: Sea Urchin 4: Sea Fan 5: Sea Cucumber Fig 3 Fig 4 Fig 5 42 Echinoderms Fig 1: Sea Fan Fig 2: Starfish’s tube feet prying apart a mussel 43 Echinoderms Fig 1: Sea Cucumber Fig 2: Sea Urchin opened up 44