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Athenian Spartan The Peloponnesian War Sparta attacks Athens Athens controls sea (with Delian League) Athens gets greedy, attacks Sicily & loses Sparta has no Navy Sparta gains Persians as allies Sparta builds small navy Sparta stops food from getting in Athens Athenians hide inside walls Eventually, Athens surrenders Greek against Greek Many Greeks resented Athenian domination. Greek world split into rival camps. oTo counter Delian League, Sparta and other enemies of Athens, formed Peloponnesian League. oSparta supports: Oligarchies in Peloponnesian League oAthens supports: Democracies in Delian League 431 B.C.E. 27-year war broke out…engulfing all of Greece The Peloponnesian War Athens faced serious geographic disadvantage from start. o When Sparta invaded Athens, Pericles allowed people from countryside to move inside city. Overcrowding led to plague killed a 1/4 - 1/3. The Peloponnesian War Internal struggles undermine Democratic Athenian government. Sparta allied w/ Persia (old enemy) vs. Delian League. Finally (404 B.C.), with help of Persian navy, Spartans captured Athens and stripped its fleet and empire. o 4.5 - 5 years defeat of Athens debated most often cited: Influenza, Epidemic Typhus, Typhoid Fever, Bubonic Plague, Smallpox and Measles only description: o Given nuances of translation, likely either: Bubonic Plague, Smallpox or Typhus 25% of population osmallpox and typhus o o o o o o oZOONOTIC or oVECTOR-BORNE o Environmental/fomite or Persistence or adaptation to indolent transmission SMALLPOX TYPHUS o Sparta only Greek city without city wall: o “Our men are our walls.” Spartan Armor: Hoplites (Infantry): o o o o Bronze, muscled breastplate Helmet with cheek plates Greaves and other shin armor Bowl-shaped wood & bronze shield: ASPIS or HOPLON Very heavy: protected warrior from chin to knee. Most other Greek hoplites had family symbols on shield In contrast, the Spartans (starting in 420 BC) had Greek letter Lambda on their shield, referring to their homeland Lacedaemonia. o Scarlet cape: to represent them as Spartans Though the cape was never worn in combat Spartan Weapons o Spartan’s Primary Weapon: DORY / DORU o 7 to 9 feet (2.1 - 2.7 meters) o Spear held one-handed, either over or underhand o “Business end” bronze/iron curved leaf-shaped head o Shaft: cornel wood, selected due to strength of wood o Leather wrapped grip o Butt of spear capped with spike Sauroter: Greek for ’lizard killer’. Multi-use: stand spear up, secondary weapon Spartan’s Secondary Weapons: Xiphos & Kopis o XIPHOS o Short sword: typically only 12-18 inches o Employed if spear useless or broken. o Thrust through gaps in enemy shields, walls, armor Groin, armpit and throat favorite targets o In one account, Athenian asked Spartan why sword so short…after short pause replied: “It’s long enough to reach your heart.” Spartan’s Secondary Weapons: Xiphos & Kopis o KOPIS Dreaded alternative to xiphos Thick, curved iron sword Vicious hacking weapon: Used as an axe Nasty wounds compared to cleaner holes from Dory/Xiphos Quintessential "bad guy" weapon in ancient Greece. Athenian art frequently depicted Spartan warriors with this weapon for that reason. Bashing Shield: ASPIS/HOPLON oMain purpose: defensive oAlso used to bash opponents: oTo stun, knock down or kill oHeavy: 30 pounds oWood with outer layer of bronze Destruction of Athenian Army Syracuse Overview o Athenian Army city-state militia o All able-bodied, adult, male citizen obliged to serve o Men ranked by wealth o Service obligation reflected resources o Shield design: either individually chosen or representing clan, neighborhood, or tribe Overview cont. o ~ one-third, mostly prosperous peasant-farmers, rich enough to equip as hoplites: Heavy infantry o Panoply: full set of arms and armor: expensive Body-armor: bronze -- for those who afford it Most made do with the linen cuirass: Stiff shirt, shoulder plates, many layers linen glued together Leg, arm, and sometimes hand and foot guards were very much the exception Helmet: o ‘Corinthian’ type Face enclosed by cheek-pieces and nose-guard Dyed horse-hair crest Head protection: leather lining or woolen cap Greaves (optional): o Muscled lower-leg guards of bronze o Flexible enough to clip on and off Weaponry similar to Spartans Minor changes: Spear Structure Shield Weight/Design Also, didn’t use the Kopis as much as Spartans Spartans defeat Athenians Syracuse Peloponnesian War AFTERMATH Peloponnesian War: Athens’ Democratic government suffered: Fighting continued to disrupt Greek world. Sparta suffered defeat at hands of Thebes Greece left vulnerable to invasion. Cultural development halted. Alcibiades returns to Athens Peloponnesian War Death of Alcibiades Sparta Controls Greece Sparta gets respect…seems to rule. But other city-states gain control. Greece left weak. City-States fight, use up resources. Greece conquered by Philip II. From Macedon/Macedonia to the North. Philip unites. Son, Alexander, takes over… Post-Peloponnesian War Spartan military dominance challenged by Thebes (aided by Athens, Corinth, Argos): o Corinthian War (395-387 BCE) Sparta achieves number of land victories Weakened by raiding on its coast Helots provoked to revolt After short truce, war flared again in all-out battle for supremacy Post-Peloponnesian War Spartans defeated in Battle of Lauctra o Epaminondas of Thebes Great general and strategist His tactic: Echelon Formation o Leading side loaded with best troops o Very deep formation o Allowed him to break the unbreakable o Spartan hoplite line crumbled Traditional hoplite order of battle and advance. Epaminondas's strategy at Leuctra. The strong left wing advanced more than the weaker right wing. The red blocks show the placement of the elite troops within each phalanx. The Spartans suffered heavy losses o up to 4000 hoplites Helots revolted Sparta never recovered from one-two punch Spartan citizenship dependent on blood lines No way to quickly regain manpower Spartan military entered long slow decline Eventually once cutting edge weapons/tactics eclipsed Sparta still continued as regional power for 200 yrs. Neither Philip II nor Alexander-the-Great attempted to conquer Sparta o Respecting Spartan military and not wanting to risk potentially high losses