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Understanding Group Interaction 1 What is a Group? Multiple members 2 or more people perceive themselves as a group Group rewards Corresponding effects Common goals 2 Why People Join Groups Psychological Needs Affiliation Identification Survival Needs Emotional support Assistance or help Commonality Common interests Common goals Situational Reasons Physical proximity Assignment 3 Factors Affecting Group Performance Group Cohesiveness Communication Structure Group Roles Presence of Others Type of Task Individual Dominance Groupthink 4 Factors Affecting Group Cohesiveness Group Homogeneity Homogeneous Heterogeneous Slightly heterogeneous Stability of Membership Isolation Outside Pressure Group Size Group Status 5 Group Homogeneity Research Basketball Winning % Family Feud Prize Money Homogeneous 53 254 Heterogeneous 53 278 Slightly heterogeneous 60 330 Group 6 Group Size Smaller is best for cohesiveness Performance depends on task type additive tasks conjunctive tasks disjunctive tasks 7 Communication Structure Chains Centralized Circles Open 8 Group Roles Task-Oriented Maintenance-Oriented offering new ideas coordinating activities encouraging cohesiveness encouraging participation Individual blocking group activities calling attention to oneself 9 Presence of Others Social Facilitation and Inhibition mere presence of others comparison of performance evaluation apprehension Social Loafing effort won’t be noticed free-rider theory sucker-effect theory 10 Individual Dominance By the group leader By a group member 11 Groupthink can occur when the group: is cohesive is insulated from outsiders believes it is infallible it is morally superior is under pressure to conform has a leader who promotes a favorite solution has gatekeepers who keep information from members 12 Group versus Individual Performance Groups have higher quality decisions are more risky Individuals are more creative make a decision more quickly 13
