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Intercultural Communication Cross-Cultural Comparison The Nature of Communication in India • • • • • Historically, language has divided people in India India is one of the most multilingual nations in the world 1947 after independence, India divided its states according to language Then introduced Hindi as the official language. English also now shares official language status. India has over 1000 languages and dialects Intercultural Communication Verbal Communication 1. Inequalities in wealth and power • • • Linked directly to the caste system, which originates in Hinduism Upward mobility is prevented, even though this practice has been outlawed Most Indians are aware of this social order and the place where they sit within it Intercultural Communication Intercultural Communication 2. Inequalities between men and women • • India is a very patriarchal society, with the father the head of the household. This social order must always be maintained 3. Spirituality based on Karma • • • Every action has a consequence and everything happens for a reason What one does in this life affects the next This has implications for communication and decision making as well as their idea of time Intercultural Communication 4. The Idea of collectivism is prevalent • • Indians are more accepting of group decisions and hierarchical settings Indians often define their identity as their group (or caste) rather than their individual identity 5. Small personal space and lack of privacy • • This is amplified by many people from the extended family living in one home. Relationships, rules, structures, trust and mutual obligations are created. Intercultural Communication 6. Respectful mistrust in business dealings • • It is assumed that a non family member in a business dealing will be dishonest This prevents the relationship being damaged by one party trying to gain an unfair advantage 7. Public Transport • • Are very congested and personal space is small Many people are crammed into small places and seats Intercultural Communication Intercultural Communication 8. Lack of privacy • Seeking personal information in India is carried out in a very direct way. This can lead to conflict as westerners find this confronting 9. Indians are very hospitable • They will invite total strangers to tea 10. Avoiding conflict • Indians use indirect speech Do Check for understanding page 104 question 3 HOMEWORK: Do Check for understanding page 104 question 1 and 4 Intercultural Communication Core Values in Indian Society Compared to Australian Society INDIA Collectivist/group identity. No privacy Patriarchal Society- father is head of household. Hospitable- accepting of strangers. Easily offended when refused. Indirect in their speech. Hindi and English main languages. Life based around the concept of karma. Limited personal space. Direct in their questioning/open about privacy. Intercaste marriage forbidden. Very trusting. Inequalities between men and women. Strict caste system still operates even though it is illegal. Aware of position in caste- no mobility. Avoid conflict. Arranged marriage AUSTRALIA Individualist Egalitarian Trust in business deals. Fluid social hierarchy. Strong sense of mateship. Multicultural. Looser family bonds. Earn trust. Large personal space. Christianity- but not tied to religion. Privacy is important. Open to employment of non-family. Both parents have equal roles. Take offence at directness. Confrontation when angry. Intercultural Communication Non-Verbal Communication There are two types of non-verbal communication • Illustrators which accompany words • Emblems which have meaning all their own In India some main gestures are • “Fight or flight” - explain • Suicide gesture - explain Intercultural Communication Facial Expressions and Body Gestures • • • • • • • • • Staring is more acceptable in India than in the West Greeting- Hands in prayer like fashion and sometimes bowing Left hand to clean oneself Right hand for giving and receiving “come here” - explain “Sorry” - explain Shoes - explain Patting on the head - explain Admiration - explain Intercultural Communication Eye Contact • • • Women may speak from behind the veil of their sari Lower status (or caste) will look to the ground when addressing superiors Direct eye contact with equals or in business is significant Time and Space • • Men and women stay segregated in large social gatherings Touching is only allowed by family or someone from the same caste Intercultural Communication Vocal Tones • • Indians speak loudly and fast with greater enthusiasm than those from the west Westerners may interpret this as rudeness Intercultural Communication The Effectiveness of Communication Directness of response - expand Based on Religion - expand Titles Hierarchical society Naming - expand Meeting People Cant say “no” Conveys education, caste and/or profession -expand Gift giving Relates to religious beliefs Intercultural Communication - expand Intercultural Communication Social Relationships and Social Control The caste system is the basis of class in India. It is supported by Hinduism. It is illegal in Modern India to practice the caste system Name and explain the 4 main castes The fifth caste is called the “Untouchables”. They were considered the lowest and performed menial unhygienic work Intercultural Communication People were born into their caste and where they were born was based on their previous lives The Indian government has implemented positive discrimination laws to try and help the lowest caste groups READ page 109. “India-Intecaste Relations” Intercultural Communication The remains of the caste system maintain social relationships and social control. Communicating between different groups is seen as unacceptable Do Check for understanding page 110 questions 1 and 4 Do Think it through page 110 question 4 Intercultural Communication Intercultural Communication Gender and Communication All men and women cannot be grouped just according to their gender The variety of religions, regions, classes and ages are going to affect the personal experience of women especially Modernisation has transformed India and women as well as men peruse career paths nowadays Intercultural Communication Intercultural Communication However, even in modern India sons are seen and the main economic source for the family. In many parts of Northern India, wives move in with their husbands families. They are still segregated as communication between spouses is a threat to the patrilinial nature of the family Describe how women are being given more power in economic decision making Provide an example of how traditional practice still prohibits women from active communication Intercultural Communication Intercultural Communication Intercultural Communication In the cities the traditional and modern gender roles are in conflict as well. For example university educated women work in menial jobs, just to earn a living Socialising with the opposite sex outside work hours used to be taboo, this is now changing Gender roles in India are reflected in language Mothers duty - expand Tamil language - expand Women remain silent while males express their opinion - expand The way men and women speak to each other - expand Intercultural Communication Intercultural Communication Intercultural Communication Intercultural Understanding Multiculturalism refers to an attitude about the acceptance of a number of different cultures living together in one society. Usually there is one dominant culture that supports the mix of other cultures An example is in Australia – explain Multiculturalism has only been introduced in Modern India. Its constitution emphasis intergroup equality Intercultural Communication The concept of intra-group equality is not recognised in India. That is within specific groups, inequality, domination and patriarchy still exist Read section on Mumbai. Page 113 1. List the various places of worship in Mumbai. Page 113 2. Define Hybrid Society. Page 114 3. Explain how this relates to India Intercultural Communication Aspects of Society and Culture that are similar and different between India and Australia (PAGE 114-115) CULTURAL FEATURES AUSTRALIA INDIA LANGUAGE RELIGIOUS BELIEFS Intercultural Communication MISUNDERSTANDINGS CULTURAL FEATURES AUSTRALIA INDIA SOCIAL STRUCTURES CULTURAL COMPLEXITIES Intercultural Communication MUSUNDERSTANDINGS The effect of gender roles and values on behaviour All societies assign specific traits to males and females. Traditional societies tend to focus on this more (read page 115-116) In India males are viewed as being superior and therefore demand more respect This is evident in the birth of a new baby. A male child is sought after to look after the family and property Intercultural Communication Intercultural Communication The role of acculturation in the acquisition of cultural perception 1. Read page 116-117 2. Do check for understanding question 1 and 2 page 117 3. Do think it through question 1 page 117 Intercultural Communication The existence of group identity and commitment to cultural continuity 1. Read page 117-118 2. Define Cultural continuity 3. Define Group Identity Australia's group identity and cultural continuity consists of: The belief of a fair go The values of mateship, freedom and safety The customs of commemorating Anzac day and Australia day Intercultural Communication The behaviours of participating in outdoor activities (especially the beach) Being direct in our communication and informal in our language India’s group identity and cultural continuity consists of: The belief of self determination and some form of nationalism The values of multiculturalism and family The customs of women wearing a sari and a bindi and Hindu traditions The behaviours associated with the caste system in social, family and business interactions Intercultural Communication Intercultural Misunderstanding Role play activity (page 119-120) 4 scenarios with 3 different outcomes Intercultural Communication Strategies to deal with intercultural misunderstanding It is important to be aware and to acknowledge causes of misunderstandings: Different communication styles Importance of non-verbal communication (e.g.: facial expressions, personal distance, tone, volume and sense of time) Attitudes towards opinions and conflict Decision making related to roles and status Different attitudes towards personal information Gender roles and expectations Intercultural Communication Strategies to deal with intercultural misunderstanding because of intercultural differences Know the language – explain Demonstrate social and cultural literacy – explain Be patient – explain Language expertise – explain Be self reflective – explain Speak with natives – explain Use multiple forms of communication – explain Intercultural Communication