Download Electrode Placement for Chest Leads, V1 to V6

chapter
10
Communication
Session Outline
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The Importance of Communication
The Communication Process
Sending Messages Effectively
Receiving Messages Effectively
Breakdowns in Communication
Confrontation
Constructive Criticism
The Importance of Communication
• You can communicate without motivating but it
is impossible to motivate without
communicating.
—John Thompson, former Georgetown University
men’s basketball coach
• It’s not what you tell them—it’s what they hear.
—Red Auerbach, former Boston Celtics
championship coach
The Communication Process
Good communication skills are among
the most important ingredients
contributing to the performance
enhancement and personal growth of
sport and exercise participants.
Purposes of Communication
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Persuasion
Evaluation
Information
Motivation
Problem solving
Note: All communication contains some
content as well as relational (how we felt
about the someone’s message) information
Types of Communication
• Interpersonal communication (at least two
persons in a meaningful exchange)
• Nonverbal communication
• Intrapersonal communication (self-talk, the
communication we have with ourselves)
The Communication Process
Reprinted, by permission, from R. Martens, 1987, Coaches guide to sport psychology
(Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics), 48.
Strategies for Improving
Communication
• Convey rationales.
• Express empathy, not sympathy.
• Use a communication style that is comfortable for
you.
• Learn how to become more empathetic by placing
yourself in the shoes of your athletes or students.
• Use the positive approach when communicating.
• Always acknowledge the greetings of others.
• Have an open-door policy for your students and
athletes.
• Be consistent in administering discipline.
Sending Messages Effectively
1. Guidelines for sending verbal messages
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Make messages clear and concise.
Pick the right time and place to deliver
messages.
Enhance trust with message receiver to
ensure messages are appropriately
interpreted.
(continued)
Sending Messages Effectively
(continued)
2. The importance of nonverbal
communication
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50 to 70% of all communication is
nonverbal.
Nonverbal messages are harder to hide.
Nonverbal messages are powerful.
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Sending Messages Effectively
(continued)
2. Considerations for nonverbal components
of messages
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Physical appearance
Posture
Gestures
(continued)
Sending Messages Effectively
(continued)
2. Considerations for nonverbal components
of messages
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Body position
Touching
Facial expression
Voice characteristics
Sending Messages Effectively
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Be direct.
Own your message.
Be complete and specific.
Be clear and consistent.
State your needs and feelings clearly.
(continued)
Sending Messages Effectively
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Separate fact from opinion.
Focus on one thing at a time.
Deliver message immediately.
Avoid hidden agendas.
(continued)
Sending Messages Effectively
(continued)
10. Be supportive.
11. Be consistent with your nonverbal
messages.
12. Reinforce with repetition.
13. Make messages appropriate to the
receiver’s frame of reference.
14. Look for feedback that your message
was accurately interpreted.
Components of Teacher–Coach–
Leader Communication
• Confirming behaviors
Signal endorsement, recognition, and
acknowledgment to receiver
• Clarity behaviors
How clear the receiver perceives the
teacher, leader, or coach
Receiving Messages Effectively
Active listening
Asking questions, paraphrasing, attending to
main and supporting ideas, acknowledging
and responding; giving appropriate feedback,
and paying attention to the speaker’s total
communication (verbal and nonverbal)
Receiving Messages Effectively
Keys to active listening
• Paraphrase what the speaker said.
• Don’t mistake hearing for listening.
• Mentally prepare to listen.
Receiving Messages Effectively
Supportive listening
Communicating that you are “with” the
speaker and value his or her messages
Receiving Messages Effectively
Keys to supportive listening
• Use supportive behaviors as you listen.
• Use confirming behaviors as you listen.
• Use both verbal and nonverbal listening
behaviors.
Receiving Messages Effectively
Aware listening
Realize that people react individually or
differently to the way you communicate.
Tips for aware listening
•Be flexible.
•Be alert for barriers and breakdowns in
communication.
Breakdowns in Communication
Sender failures
Poorly transmitted messages (ambiguity,
inconsistency)
Receiver failures
Failure to listen carefully (misinterpretation)
Barriers to Effective Communication
• Receiver not paying attention to the sender
• Lack of trust between the individuals
attempting to communicate
• Socialization and hereditary differences,
causing misinterpretations between the
sender and receiver
• Differences in the mental set or perception
between people
(continued)
Barriers to Effective Communication
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• Embarrassment (creates interference)
• Tendency to tell people what they want to
hear
• Difficulties in expression or reluctance to
communicate
• Belief that silence is safer
• Inconsistency between actions and words
Improving Communication
Carefully designed interpersonal
communication training can improve
team morale, cohesion, and
performance.
Improving Communication
Athlete guidelines
• Don’t interrupt.
• Confront issues right away.
• Try not to make assumptions about what others
are thinking.
• Ask for help from teammates.
• Express opinions more often to people who
intimidate you.
• Make more eye contact with the person
speaking.
Confrontation
Confrontation
Although confrontation—a face-to-face
discussion among people in conflict—is often
seen as negative, when properly used it is a
part of effective communication.
Communication training can increase one’s
effectiveness in confronting.
When to Use (or Avoid) Confrontation
• Don’t confront someone when you are
angry.
• Do confront someone when you are in
control, can express your feelings
constructively, and have a well-thought-out
reason for doing so.
Key Points to Recognize in Knowing
How to Confront
1. All parties’ needs are legitimate and must be
attended to.
2. There are enough resources to meet all needs.
3. Within every individual lies untapped power and
capacity, and people in conflict know what they
need.
4. Process is as important as content because it
provides direction and focus.
5. Everyone is right from his or her own perspective.
6. Solutions and resolutions are temporary states of
balance and are not absolute or timeless.
Dos and Don’ts of Confronting
• Do convey that you value your relationship
with the person.
• Do go slowly and think about what you want
to communicate.
• Do try to understand the other person’s
position.
• Do listen carefully to what the other person
is trying to communicate.
Dos and Don’ts of Confronting
• Don’t communicate the solution. Rather,
focus on the problem.
• Don’t stop communicating.
• Don’t use put-downs.
• Don’t rely on nonverbal hints to
communicate your thoughts.
Key Factors Involved in the
Coach–Athlete Relationship
• Closeness—the emotional tone that coaches and
athletes experience. Terms such as liking, trust,
and respect indicate the level of closeness.
• Co-orientation—a common frame of reference,
namely shared goals, values, and expectations.
Open communication facilitates the development of
co-orientation.
• Complementarity—interactions in which the coach
and athlete are engaged. This reflects coaches’ and
athletes’ acts of cooperation.
The Sandwich Approach
to Constructive Criticism
• A positive statement
• Future-oriented instruction
• A compliment
Example of the Sandwich Approach
Positive statement
“Sally, you are really working hard out there.”
Future-oriented statement
“Next time try to slow down and not get ahead
of the music.”
Compliment
“You’re getting there; keep up the good
work!”
Steps of Constructive Criticism
• Describe your feelings and take
responsibility for your emotions
• Describe your thoughts about the action or
event that concerned you
• Describe the tangible reason why the
behavior affects you.
• Describe what you want done.