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SHALLONGE – Chart Fact Sheet
Team: Keerg
Topics
Military
Ancient Greece
Army
 Young men felt a sense of pride joining the
army
 At the age of 18 they would be involved
with the army, but before that individuals
would train their skills
 Rows and rows of the chanting army
 There was a lot of emotional pain:
o Burying friends
o Carrying the injured off the field
o The weary of coming home
o Remembrance of those who had died
Weapons
 Shoulder to shoulder, shields raised, spears
ready stab when the command was given
 Bronze breastplate – is a tightly fitted
protector that allowed some defense on the
enemy
 Swords
o Curved
- Was able slash rather then just direct hit
o Straight
- Were a older design/needed more
strength
 Shields
o Large/circular
o Had images of faith on them
Trojan War
 Mycenaean civilization
 Scholars suggest that it was a dispute over
fishing rights, not a great conflict of West vs.
East like the later Greeks believed
Persian War Marathon
 490 BCE Darius King of Persia, sent a fleet
with 20 000 soldiers to punish Athens and
Eretria for helping in the Ionian Revolt
 Sparta wouldn’t help Athens 20 000 Persian
soldiers and 9000 Athenian soldiers were
involved
 192 Athenians were killed, and 6 400
Persians were killed
 Athenians won because they had heavier
armor
Persian War Thermopylae
 Greek cooperation defeats Persia
 Persian King Xeres crossed the Hellespont
 Greeks gathered with Sparta to plan to
defend Thermopylae (the Hot Gates), which
was where the Persians had to go through
 However, a Greek Shepard betrayed them
and showed Xeres a mountain pass that went
around the Thermopylae
 The Persian army won, this was revenge for
Ancient Rome
Army
 Ancient Rome had one of the most
successful armies in history
 The vast Empire was the results of the great
military and legions and emperors made sure
they were treated well
 The size and power of the Empire was
maintained by the strong military which
depended on the systems of roads and
highways
 Army was a large part of Roman society
since it kept Roman peace (Pax Romana)
throughout the provinces
 Soldiers intermarried with local woman from
different provinces which spread Roman
ways and brought empire together
 The life of a soldier was very tough, with
vigorous training, disciplining, consistently
facing death and they wore sixty pounds of
armor and marched twenty-four miles every
five hours
 Soldiers were kept busy controlling
uprisings and guarding the frontiers of
conquered provinces
 Legions were the most significant part of the
army while auxiliary regiments (infantry and
cavalry) became increasingly important
 By the second century CE, there were
150,000 Roman legionaries and more noncitizen troops
Weapons
 Roman armor/weaponry was heavy, strong,
and intimidated the enemy
 Heavy javelin spears were thrust into the
enemy which had a narrow point that pierced
shields and armor
 Swords and daggers were also frequently
used was a powerful stabbing weapon
 Cavalry was important to the army and much
of he fighting was done on horseback
Civil Wars
 Generals of Roman army who won conflicts
brought wealth to Rome, and used their
soldiers to fight for personal power in the
Empire
 Julius Caesar’s death was followed by years
of civil war
Victory in Gaul
 Julius Caesar conquered Gaul for his own
glory in the 50’s BCE
 Resistance at Gaul was crushed at the battle
at Alesia, where Caesar trapped
Vericingetorix, the Gallic leader
Religion
their defeat at Marathon
Salamis and Plataea
 The Greek fleet stayed at Salamis and
attacked 600 Persian ships
 It was a severe loss for Xeres so he left a man
named Mardonius in control of the Persian
army
 They had to retreat because Sparta came to
help the Athenians
 The Greeks won by uniting all the armies of
the different city-states and captured a lot of
Persian wealth
Peloponnesian War
 Longest, and most costly war the Greeks ever
fought (lasted 27 years)
 Athens began to interfere with Corinth’s
colonies, then accused of breaking the peace
treaty with Sparta, provoked the war
 In the second year of the war a deadly plague
struck Athens
 Pericles (Athenian leader) died, now the two
opponents were on equal grounds
 Athens’ new leader Alcibiades was hostile
and foolishly tried to conquer the powerful
city of Syracuse in Sicily (cost lots of money,
ships, and man power)
 Sparta with the help of Persia, Thebes, and
Corinth defeated the Athenians
 Athens recovered but it was never a great
power again
 The loss of freedom was the beginning of the
dark days for the Athenians
 Greeks were polytheistic (believed in more
than one god)
 Their gods were ageless, deathless, had
unlimited physical power, could take any
shape they wanted and do whatever they
wanted
 There were gods for all aspects of life such as
birth, death, weather, war, peace, and healing
 Each deity (god) had his/her own special
function, examples:
o Zeus – god of the sky and king of all gods
o Athena – goddess of wisdom, guardianship
and invention
 Greeks also worshipped foreign gods like
Egyptian god, Isis
 Represented their gods in statue form which
were then just around the city or housed in
shrines/temples
 The Greeks did not have weekends, but had
many special days where they celebrated and
honoured gods and holy days
 They gave little gifts and praised gods on
daily basis to get what they wished for
 They told the stories of their gods through
myths which explained things they could not
understand and gave reason for disasters and
 From Gaul, Caesar returned to Rome with
about one million people who became
enslaved
Punic Wars
 Three conflicts between Romans and
Carthaginians
 Hannibal was one of the key figures in the
war
 Key places included the Italian Peninsula,
Carthage, Tunisia, and North Africa
 Conflict was fought over expansion of
Empires
 By the Second Punic War, Rome had
powerful influence on the western
Mediterranean
 The Romans were victorious and the empire
Carthage was destroyed
 Romans enslaved the Carthaginians and had
almost total power in the western
Mediterranean
 The Romans learned from Carthage how to
fight by sea
Hadrian’s Wall
 Emperor Hadrian commanded the Roman
army to build a wall in Britain to keep out
the unconquered Caledonians
 The wall ran for 75 miles to the northern
edge of the Empire
 Building the wall kept the legionaries and
the army quite busy
 The Romans took over the Greek gods of the
Parthenon
 Roman religion was constantly being
influenced by other countries; especially the
Etruscans and the Greeks
 Had mystery religions such as the Isis Cult
(stems from Egypt), and the Mithras Cult
(Mithras being a Persian deity)
 Romans were for the most part every
tolerant of other religions as long as they
weren’t practiced in secret
 Christians were prosecuted at the beginning
as they refused military services and
practiced in secret
 Christians refused to join the army or fulfill
their duties as Roman citizen
 Romans agreed to a state religion and were
the most superstitious people known yet
 Under the rule of Constantine in the early 4th
century, became a Christian and made it the
state religion
 Christianity has many similarities to the
Mithras Cult which was accepted
 Organized religion which had never been
seen to that extent ever before
misfortunes bestowed upon people
 Honoured gods with festivals, offered
sacrifices of honey cakes, terracotta figurines
and animals
Daily
Life/Entertainment
Daily Life
 Women spent most of their day working in
the home cleaning and weaving
 Farming, fishing, and hunting were a large
part of the men’s daily life
 During the days the men prepared their sons
by taking them to the gymnasium to be in the
military as only soldiers
 Music was a large part of the boy/men’s daily
life as they were expected to learn how to
play a musical instrument
 Slaves did a lot of the errands for the Greek
families such as house work and buying
fruits and vegetables as well as wool
 Parties were a big social part of many Greeks
daily lives
Entertainment
 Festivals and games were held in the honour
of Greek gods and most festivals took place
once a year or sometimes every four years
 Wealthier Greeks spent lots of time talking,
giving dinner parties, visiting gymnasiums
and playing all kinds of games and musical
instruments
 Greek men often held banquets or drinking
parties for their male friends and did not
dance, but were highly entertained by
dancers
 All respectable women were excluded from
all drinking parties but slave women would
entertain men with their dancing, flute
playing and acrobatic displays
 In major cities like Athens or sacred sites like
Delphi and Epidauru, the Greeks had massive
theatres
 Most plays were set up in honour (and about)
the gods, and people adored these plays and
could easily fill a standard 12000 seat theatre
 The Olympic Games were first held in 776
BCE to honour Zeus every four years in the
city of Olympia
 The Olympics lasted for 5 days in the
summer and all hostilities ended for that time
 A variety of competitions were included in
the Olympics such as, boxing, horse racing,
sprint races, javelin, discus throwing and
long jumping
 Winners at the Olympic games were given an
honorable status and showered with gifts
from their home towns, while receiving the
honour in fighting in the front rank during the
next war
 DO UT DES – “I give so that you might
give”
o Elementary principle of Roman religion
o Means to honour and appease the gods
o Seek their help in times of crisis
Daily Life
 In the daily life of a Roman the Bath
Complexes played a significant role
 The Roman Baths consisted of many
pampering opportunities and ways to
socialize
 There were many opportunities to gamble,
to socialize, to seek medical treatment and to
work out
 These places were for the sole purpose of
helping oneself and feeling better
 Romans could also enjoy trips to the market
for shopping and also to go socialize in
government public buildings
 The Romans built many public buildings to
keep their people happy
Entertainment
 Entertainment was a large part of Roman life
for all the people
 They could go to the Colosseum to watch a
full day of events which included chariot
races,
fights between animals, criminals fed to
vicious animals, and huntsmen fighting
animals
 In the afternoon at the Colosseum the main
attraction was gladiatorial battles
 At these events spectators were sure to see
countless animals and people alike dying for
their entertainment
 The Romans spent a lot of money importing
foreign animals just to fight, die and kill for
their entertainment
 These animals included polar bears, bears,
Indian tigers and rhinoceroses and the men
who fought them were called “bestiarius”
 These events were enjoyed by mostly
everyone, there were only few protestors
 Not all Roman entertainment was barbaric
 The Romans also put on plays and theatrical
pieces which were enjoyed by all types of
people, from rich to poor because tickets
were free
 The Romans usually copied and made fun of
Greek plays that existed before
 The Romans didn’t only copy the work of
others, they were responsible for creating the
mime (an actor that doesn’t speak)