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COMPETENT COMMUNICATION Accuracy and Impact in Public Communication Language Involves Symbols • We communicate only to the extent that the referent for those symbols is shared • Often, it is not… • Denotative meaning is the “dictionary definition” • Connotative meaning is the “personal and unique” meaning associated with symbols Speak with the listener in mind Speak with the listener in mind Are you speaking to communicate or to impress? Speak with the listener in mind Are you speaking to communicate or to impress? Do you understand your audience? Speak with the listener in mind Are you speaking to communicate or to impress? Do you understand your audience? *audience analysis a. demographic b. purposive *audience adaptation Eliminate Ambiguity (using terms that can be interpreted in multiple ways) Eat Here and Get Gas (Sign displayed at a nearby Truck Stop) TCU - City Zoo Texas state sign on Interstate 30 advising travelers of what they will find if they exit to University Boulevard. Some classified ads: • For sale: 1995 Cadillac Hearse. Body in good condition. • For sale: Large Great Dane. Registered pedigree. Will eat anything. Especially fond of children. Do You Know What Hell Is? Come hear our new organist. (Sign outside a church announcing the title of a forthcoming sermon.) Bypassing • Occurs when one assumes that others are interpreting language the same way that I am. • Fallacy 1: Words have specific meaning (Meaning is in people, not in words, p. 291, Haney) • Fallacy 2: Others will interpret my words exactly as I intend • Arguments often occur about what we mean by our phrases, rather than who is right. This type of activity is called meta-communication, or “communicating about communication” Deliberate bypassing • Used to avoid lying • Used to avoid responsibility (as in corporate gobbledygook) • Used to impress others with technical jargon, $10 words, etc. Correctives • Be person-minded, not word minded • Employ the PTA: pre-transmission audit (in other words, become more “mindful” before you speak) • Be sensitive to context: verbal, situational, and nonverbal context provides the clues by which listeners interpret meaning