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Classical China 221 BCE – 220 CE Qin & Han K.M.H.S. AP World History Mrs. Farbacher The Classical Period: Globally – Usually designates transition from Bronze Age civilizations to Iron Age civilizations. – Indicating advances in metallurgy and technology affording political and economic advantages. China Tian Shan Takla Maken Desert Tarim Basin Himalaya Huang He Gobi Desert Chang Jiang Essential Questions What connections between Confucianism and PRC can we make? [C & C] Why was China able to endure as the longest extant civilization? [C/C] Is there any parallel between legalism and Machiavellian and/or present day political policies? [C/C] How has pragmatism served Chinese political and social successes? [C/C] Compare & contrast the fall of the Han and Rome. [C/C] Concepts –Terms - People Qin Shi Huangdi Kong Fuzi Mencius Xunzi Laozi Han Wudi Wang Mang Rousseau Nicollo’ Machiavelli Confucianism – Ren – Li- Xiao – Analects & Junzi Daoism – Dao & Wuwei Legalist Doctrine Yellow Turban Uprising Mean People Warring States Political & Social Order CONFUCIUS [551-479 BCE] KONG FUZI – Compilation of sayings: Analects Formation of Junzi >”Superior Individuals” Purpose: [practical] political/social order Ideals: – REN – sense of humanity – LI – sense of propriety – XIAO- filial piety Confucius [Kong Fuzi] Sometimes: Kongzi Confucian Scholars MENCIUS/MENGZI Believed: – Goodness of human nature – Humans would do the “right thing” Advocated: – Benevolent government XUNZI Doubted Mencius’ principles Advocated: – Harsh social discipline – Harsh repressive govt. – Moral education Good public behavior Mengzi Promoted: Mandate of Heaven Daoism LAOZI > founder DAO [supported the Mandate] – – – – “Way of Nature” Passive – yielding Individual balance [personal] Harmony in nature WUWEI – Disengagement from worldly affairs. – Why was Daoism never been challenged by the government? Legalism DOCTRINE OF STATECRAFT – Practical, ruthlessly efficient government – No basis of ethics & morality Han Feizi – Synthesizer of legalist doctrine – Qin Dynasty Legalist Doctrine State’s power > supreme Discourage > individualism People’s needs> subservient to state Harsh penalties for minor infractions Collective responsibility before the law – Not popular among the people but effective What more recent political phenomena does this sound like? Qin Dynasty 221-207 BCE QIN SHIHUANGDI> First Emperor – “First August God of the Qin” – Ying Zheng Unified China Legalist Code of Government – Extended Great Wall – Centralized policies Standardized: laws, weights, measures, currency, & script Ruthless suppression of critics First Emperor of China Qin Shi Huangdi – Deified Ruthless Burns Books Buries scholars alive Decline of Qin Ill will of people and rebellions – Resulted from forced labor in massive public works projects Built tomb of Terracotta Soldiers Expanded the Great Wall Terracotta Army Great Wall Han 206 BCE – 220 CE Liu Bang – Founder of Han HAN WUDI – Policies of centralization & some expansion Utilized both – Legalism & Confucianism Han Policies Legalism: Large bureaucracy Build roads canals Taxes – Agriculture – trade – craft industries Confucianism: basis of curriculum in state university Promoted ethics Han Imperial Expansion Invaded & colonized: – Nam Viet & Korea – Central Asia ENJOYED HEGEMONY IN EAST & CENTRAL ASIA Did not seek to control Mongolia. Han Social Structure Patriarchal households – Primogeniture inheritance Large extended family compounds Subordination of women Cultivators were population majority Movement through social classes relatively easy – NO CASTE SYSTEM Education is the means Han Economics Iron metallurgy Silk textiles – Prized trade commodity Paper production – Invented before 100 CE ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Even though they participate in trade it is not the focus of their economy. Hand Painted Silk Scarves Han Technology Agriculture – Ox collar for using oxen to plow fields – Kuan – moldboard plow – Increased agricultural production – Increased population Population Demographics – 20 M to 60 M [220 BCE & 9 CE] Paper Production Shanghai Today> 20 M Economic Problems Light taxation [but not of the peasants] Military expeditions consumed surplus – Caused confiscation of land Social tensions – Greater gap b/w rich and poor Problems of Land Distribution – Economic problems caused small owners to sell land and themselves into slavery – Large tracts of land in hands of very few – NO LAND REFORM Rise of “Socialist Emperor” Wang Mang Powerful Han minister Seized power 9 CE Created land reform policies Overthrown by large land owner revolts in 23 CE Fall of the Han [Overview] Dynastic rulers regained power – Restored order Failed to implement land reform Yellow Turban Uprising – Seriously hurt Han Factions in court paralyzed government Bubonic Plague decimated population Zhang Jiao and the Yellow Turban rebels declare war against the ruling Han Empire Fall of the Han Dynasty CAUSES: POLITICAL: – Factions regarding land reform – Yellow Turban Uprising – Generals seize power, Emperor a puppet – Nomadic invasions out of Central Asia = Xiongnu Fall of the Han ECONOMIC: – Heavy taxation of peasants Poor harvests – Unequal land distribution – Light taxation of the landowners – Decline of trade ECONOMIC: – Contracting economies: Epidemic diseases Loss of political stability Invasions Economic Collapse Fall of the Han CULTURAL: – Syncretization with nomadic cultures Changed their culture – Failure of Confucianism No longer maintained an orderly society – Rise of Buddhism & Daoism Changed the cultural identity Fall of the Han BIOLOGICAL: Bubonic Plague Impacted – Social order – Political stability – Economic stability Enduring Questions Be prepared to evaluate China’s cultural, and political tendencies as continuities. Be prepared to compare the above to others, such as India and Rome. Be prepared to evaluate biological impact on political and economic stability.
