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Chapter 15
The Resurgence of Empire in East Asia
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The Sui Dynasty (589-618 CE)
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Regional kingdoms succeed collapse of
Han dynasty
Yang Jian consolidates control of all of
China, initiates Sui Dynasty
Massive building projects
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Military labor
Conscripted labor
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The Grand Canal
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Intended to promote trade between north and
south China
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Linked network of earlier canals
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Most Chinese rivers flow west-east
2000k (1240 miles)
Roads on either bank
Succeeded only by railroad traffic in 20th century
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Grand Canal
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Tang Dynasty
(618-907 CE)
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Wide discontent over
conscripted labor in Sui
dynasty
Military failures in Korea
prompt rebellion
Emperor assassinated
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Tang Dynasty begins
Tang Taizong
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2nd emperor of Tang
dynasty (r. 627-649 CE)
Murdered 2 brothers, thrust
father aside for throne
Strong ruler
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Built capital at Chang’an
Law & order
Taxes, prices low
More effective implementation
of earlier Sui policies
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Tang Major achievements
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Transportation and communications
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Extensive postal, courier services
Equal-field System
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20% of land hereditary ownership
80% redistributed according to formula
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Family size, land fertility
Worked well until 8th century
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Corruption, loss of land to Buddhist monasteries
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Bureaucracy of Merit
• Imperial civil service examinations
 Confucian educational curriculum
• Some bribery
• most advance through merit
 Built loyalty to the dynasty
 System remains strong until early 20th century
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Tang Military Expansion & Foreign Relations
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Manchuria, Korea, Vietnam, Tibet
One of the largest expansions of China in its
history
Established tributary relationships
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Gifts
China as “Middle Kingdom”
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The kowtow ritual
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.The Sui & Tang dynasties, 589-907 CE
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Tang Decline
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Governmental neglect: Emperor obsessed with
music, favorite concubine
775 rebellion under An Lushan, former
military commander
Captures Chang’an, but rebellion crushed by
763
Nomadic Uighur mercenaries invited to
suppress rebellion, sacked Chang’an and
Luoyang
Tang decline continues, rebellions in 9th
century, last emperor abdicates 907
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Song Dynasty (960-1279 CE)
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Emphasis on administration, industry, education,
the arts
Military not emphasized
Direction of first emperor, Song Taizu (r. 960-976
CE)
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Former military leader
Made emperor by troops
Instituted policy of imperial favor for civil servants,
expanded meritocracy
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Song dynasty, 960-1279 C.E.
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Song Weaknesses
1.
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Size of bureaucracy heavy drain on economy
 2 peasant rebellions in 12th century
 Internal inertia prevents reform of
bureaucracy
Civil service leadership of military
 Lacked military training
 Unable to contain nomadic attacks
 Jurchen conquer, force Song dynasty to
Hangzhou, southern China (Southern Song)
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Agricultural Economies of Tang & Song
Developed Vietnamese fast-ripening rice,
2 crops per year
 Technology: iron plows, use of draft
animals
 Soil fertilization, improved irrigation
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 Water
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wheels, canals
Terrace farming
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Population Growth
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120
100
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80
Result of increased
agricultural production
Effective food distribution
system
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Millions
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Transportation networks
built under Tang and Song
dynasties
20
0
600
CE
1000
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Patriarchal Social
Structures
Increased emphasis on ancestor
worship
Elaborate grave rituals
Extended family gatherings in honor of
deceased ancestors
Footbinding gains popularity
Increased control by male family
members
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Footbinding
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Technology & Industry
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Porcelain (“Chinaware”)
Increase of iron production (used coke in furnaces)
 Agricultural tools, weaponry
Gunpowder invented
Earlier printing techniques refined
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Moveable type by mid-11th century
Yet complex Chinese ideographs make wood block
technique easier
Naval technology
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China & Hemispheric Economy
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Increasingly cosmopolitan nature of Chinese
cities
Chinese silk opens up trade routes, but increases
local demands for imported luxury goods
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Cultural Change: Tang & Song China
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Declining confidence in Confucianism after
collapse of Han dynasty
Increasing popularity of Buddhism
Christianity, Manichaeism, Zoroastrianism, Islam
also appear
Clientele primarily foreign merchant class
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Conflicts with Chinese Culture
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Buddhism:
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Celibacy
isolation
Confucianism:
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Text-based (Buddhist
teachings)
Emphasis on
Metaphysics
Ascetic ideal
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Text-based (Confucian
teachings)
Daoism not text-based
Emphasis on ethics,
politics
Family-centered
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Procreation
Filial piety
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Chan (Zen) Buddhism
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Buddhists adapt ideology to Chinese
climate
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Accommodated family lifestyle
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Dharma translated as dao
Nirvana translated as wuwei
“one son in monastery for ten generations of
salvation”
Limited emphasis on textual study,
meditation instead
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Persecution of Buddhists
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Daoist/Confucian persecution supported in
late Tang dynasty
840s begins systematic closure of
Buddhist temples, expulsions
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Zoroastrians, Christians, Manicheans as well
Economic motive: seizure of large
monastic landholdings
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China & Early Japan
 Chinese
armies never invade Japan
 Yet Chinese culture pervasive
 Imitation of Tang administration
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Establishment of new capital at Nara, hence
“Nara Japan” (710-794 CE)
 Adoption
of Confucian, Buddhist teachings
 Yet retention of Shinto religion
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Heian Japan (794-1185 CE)
Japanese emperor moves court to Heian
(Kyoto)
 Yet emperor figurehead, real power in
hands of Fujiwara clan
 Pattern in Japanese history: weak
emperor, power behind the throne
 Helps explain longevity of the institution
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Institution of the Shogun
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Civil war between Taira
and Minamoto clans in
12th century
Minamoto leader named
shogun, 1185 CE
Ruled from Kamakura,
allowed imperial throne to
continue in Kyoto
Japanese Literature
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Influence of Chinese kanji
characters
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Classic curriculum
dominated by Chinese
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Medieval Japan
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Kamakura (1185-1333 CE) & Muromachi (13361573 CE) periods
Decentralized power in hands of warlords
(daimyo)
Military authority in hands of samurai
Professional warriors
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Samurai
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The samurai (bushi) were the members
of the military class, the Japanese
warriors.
Samurai employed a range of weapons
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bows & arrows
spears & guns
most famous weapon & symbol was the
sword
Samurai were supposed to lead their
lives according to the ethic code of
bushido ("the way of the warrior").
Strongly Confucian
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Bushido stressed loyalty to one's master
self discipline & respectful, ethical
behavior.
After a defeat, some samurai chose to
commit ritual suicide (seppuku)
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Samurai Dress & Armor
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Weapons
Yari (spear)
Katana sword
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