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Ancient Civilizations India, China, & Mesoamerica Indus Civilization • • Developed between 30002500 BCE Two largest cities were Harappa and Mohenjo Daro • Well planned cities • Running water, sewers, and brick buildings • Grid pattern • Pictographic writing (still undeciphered) • • Has 400 symbols Clear social classes • Different types of houses: wealthy 2-3 stories, common people one room Economics • Advanced Agriculture • • • Wheat, rye, peas, rice (maybe) Domesticated animals: chickens, cattle, goats, sheep Abundant crops led to job specialization in cities (like E&M) • Craftsmen less skilled than Mesopotamia (stone arrows, poor spears) • Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro • • Connected by villages Major trading centers with China, SE Asia, Southern India, and Mesopotamia • • • • Jade and jewels from SE Asia and China Wheeled carts for transportation Mesopotamia for olive oil, wool, and leather Persia for gold, silver, and copper End of Indus • Scholars and priests • Rulers and warriors Professionals Servants Pariahs By 1500 BCE civilization had declined (unsure as to why: drought, earthquakes changed course of river, overuse of land, disease…) 1500 BCE a Indo-European group, the Aryans, overtook India • Culture of Aryans blended with the Indians • Sanskrit; literary language of India • Vedas became major books of Hinduism • Placed native Indians into inferior class • People divided into 4 Varnas and each Varna into sub-classes called Jati • At the bottom were the Pariahs or Untouchables Huang He Civilization • • • Most isolated of the river valleys Huang He (Yellow River) and Chiang Jiang (Yangtze) rivers flood quite often Xia (shah) Dynasty 4000 Years ago • • • • • first, legendary dynasty Ruler Yu Irrigation and drained floodwaters Beginning of Chinese civilization No written records – existence is by legend Shang Dynasty (1766-1122 BCE) • • first to leave written records Writing: Oracle Bones • • • • • • Written on bone and used to foretell future Farming society ruled by a king and an aristocracy bronze metallurgy Central rule to oversee irrigation and flood control Walled citied, elaborate palaces and tombs Ancestor worship developed Zhou Dynasty (1122-256 BCE) • • • Pronounced “joe” 800+ years, longest dynasty Mandate of Heaven • • • • Culture • • • • Confucius asking Laozi about etiquette Claimed they overthrew Shang by will of gods Took steps to centralize government, but local leaders ignored central government Set up an agricultural system (nobles & peasants) A.K.A. feudalism Mandarin is standardized as language Laozi and Confucius both lived during Zhou Emphasis on veneration of ancestors If you honored family, society would function well More Zhou • Technology: • • • • • • Chopsticks Iron Metallurgy Use cavalry & crossbow Expanded Chinese territory to Yangtze River Valley (wheat & rice growing areas added) Increased food production and use of iron Lost control of western half of empire, last two centuries known as “era of warring states” Qin Dynasty (221-206 B.C.) • • • • • • • Ruler: Qin Shi Huangdi (1st Emperor) – brutal ruler Qin name applied to country’s name Unified the Chinese world Legalism – favored government force; viewed human nature as evil A highly centralized government Standardized coinage, weights, and measures Irrigation Qin Shi Huangdi • • • • • • Uniform writing system, & a law code Manufacture of silk cloth is encouraged Nucleus of the Great Wall is constructed Burned books and attacked culture National census, tax, and labor service Downfall: high taxes, attacks on intellectuals, killed men, brutal punishments, & revolts after Qin’s death Mesoamerica • • • Not a river valley, small rivers and streams near ocean Did not have wheel or large animals for labor, llama biggest animal Olmecs • • • • • • 1500 BCE settled around Gulf of Mexico Made figurines out of jade and dressed based on status Polytheistic Built Colossal Heads Don’t know why they declined Chavin, early civilization in the Andes • • Ceramics, textiles, gold Constructed religious shrines Dailies: Shang, Zhou, Qin • Why did Qin Shi Huangdi burn books? • What is feudalism? • What was the importance of the Xia dynasty? • Describe the Era of Warring States. • Why did the Chavin not invent the wheel?