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Early Civilizations: China Geography Natural Barriers: Surrounded by three of the most imposing barriers. 1. Gobi Desert 2. Pacific Ocean 3. Himalaya Mountains Because of their geography, China developed with little influence from others – unique culture. Saw themselves as special and at the center of the civilized world. They named China the MIDDLE KINGDOM. Dynasties Chinese governments consisted of different family dynasties. Huang He and Yangtze Rivers: Most suitable land for farming between these. Flooding could be beneficial or destructive and devour entire villages. The Huang He is called the Yellow River because of the color of its silt. Shang Dynasty Most important city was Anyang. Strict division between nobles (professional warriors) and peasants. Women were inferior. Religion based on spirits of family ancestors and consulting gods through oracle bones. Written language has over 40,000 characters. Use of bronze, silk. Zhou Dynasty More cities. Use of iron weapons and tools. Coined money. Roads and canals. Civil servants. Constant warfare among warlords. New ideas. feudalism-a political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land. dynastic cycle-the historical pattern of the rise, decline, and replacement of dynasties. Mandate of Heaven-in Chinese history, the divine approval thought to be the basis of royal authority. Qin Dynasty Harsh government control. Unified China. Began the Great Wall. Dynastic Cycle: Mandate of Heaven Strong dynasty establishes peace and has the Mandate of Heaven. Over time, the dynasty declines and becomes corrupt; taxes are raised. Disasters strike; floods, famines, peasant revolts, and invasions occur. The old dynasty had lost the Mandate of Heaven; therefore rebellion is justified. Old dynasty is overthrown through rebellion and new dynasty emerges. New dynasty restores peace and now claims to have the Mandate of Heaven.