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Chapter 11
Discussion and review
Sui Dynasty
Sui Dynasty (581 -618)

Reunified China and established a central
government


Based and Confucianism and Buddhism
Reason for decline
Ambitious construction, Grand canal , irrigation, and
military projects
 Several (4) loosing battles against the powerful
Koyro kingdom in Korea was detrimental to their
decline

The Grand Canal of China



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The Grand Canal of China is
the world's oldest and longest
canal
The building of the canal
began in 486 B.C.E during the
Zhou Dynasty and later by
Emperor Yangdi of Sui
Dynasty
The canal is 1,795 Km (1,114
miles (linked yellow river and
Yangtze river)
Had an enormous political and
economic effect on China’s
development
Tang Dynasty 618 – 907
• After a period of civil
war and decline in
China, the Tang
reestablished a unified
government.
• Tang emperors
expanded their influence
into Central and
Southeast Asia,
demanding tribute from
such places as Korea
and Vietnam. peasants.
• Tang emperors also
established a law code,
and renovated the canal
system to encourage
trade and communication
inside of China.
Return to Confucianism
Key Ideas of
Confucianism?
• Reintroduced the use of
Confucian scholars in
running the government.
• The ideal Confucian
official was a wise,
virtuous scholar.
• They redistributed land
to the peasants
•
Inventions
• They began using block printing
in the 8th Century. Block
printing is a system of printing
where characters are carved
onto a wooden block. The
block is then inked and
pressed onto a sheet of paper.
• Other inventions include
mechanical clocks that kept
very accurate time. Early clock
maker Su-Sung made a state
of the art water clock stood
over 30 feet high.
No. 120: Su-Sung's Clock
• Tang scientists invented
gunpowder in the 9th Century
by combining saltpeter, sulfur,
and charcoal. First used in
fireworks!
No. 894: Inventing Printing
Medical Achievement!
Tang physicians
developed a small pox
vaccine in the 10th
century. However, the
widespread use of this
vaccine did not occur in
China until the 16th
century. This idea
eventually spread west,
and was introduced in
Europe in the 1600’s.
•
Wu Zhao
First Chinese Empress
Woman of Destiny
or
Woman of Darkness?
Chinese Noblewoman,
8th century-Tang Dynasty
China’s Social
Structure
during the
Middle Ages
• Under the
Tang, a strict
social
structure was
developed.
• Each class
had its own
rights and
duties, and
social mobility
was possible
from one
class to
another.
Chinese Society
Under the Tang and Song dynasties,
China was a well-ordered society.
GENTRY
• Most scholar-officials were
gentry, from the wealthy
landowning class.
• Believed the government and
society should governed by
Confucius ideals
•
PEASANTS and MERCHANTS:
•Most Chinese were peasants who worked the land.
•Peasants could move up in society through education and
government service.
MERCHANTS
•According to Confucian tradition, merchants were an even
lower class than peasants because their riches came from
the labor of others.
Upper class women in
China became very
interested in different
hair styles, fashion
and make-up with each
changing dynasty.
Ancient Chinese Women's Fashions
Song Dynasty 960-1279
• China experienced a
short period of general
chaos, with no strong,
central government
• Song Dynasty comes to
power in 960.
• Song leaders supported
a revival of Confucian
thought. WHY?
• The ideal Confucian
official was a wise,
virtuous scholar.
• The Chinese Empire
under the Song was
smaller than the Empire
of the Tang
Rice Cultivation
• Under the Song,
China began extensive
rice cultivation. New
hardy strains were
developed.
•
China was able to plant two
rice crops a year, giving them
an abundance of food.
•
The Song also maintained
extensive trade with the
India, Persia, and the Middle
East.
• Wealthy Society: the
result of this was the
ability to pursue other
interests, such as art and
literature.
The Arts
• Song artisans were
known for their fine
porcelain, and the
use of calligraphy, a
form of fine
handwriting.
• Architects designed
the pagoda, which is
a multistoried
building with the
corners of the roof
curved up that were
used as temples.
•
Inventions
• Under the Song, the Chinese
invented movable type
printing machines.
• This idea spread to Korea
and Japan, and may have
also been spread to Europe
by Mongol armies.
• The use of movable type
allowed for faster printing,
and the widespread diffusion
of ideas.
• Other inventions include the
spinning wheel, which is a
machine used to make
thread.
•
Antique Chinese
Silk Spinning
Wheel
Key Contribution of the
Tang and Song Dynasties
The Tang and Song dynasties
unified China
and
restored culture and prosperity.
Footbinding In Asia
Footbinding-Where did it come from?
• Chinese folklore attributes
the origins of footbinding
to a fox who tried to
conceal its paws while
assuming the human guise
of the Shang Empress.
• Another version suggests
that the Empress had a
club foot and insisted that
all women bind their feet
so that hers became the
model for beauty in the
court. Started in the Song
Dynasty.
• Some men, such as actors
or male prostitutes, also
bound their feet.
The Practice of Footbinding
Footbinding began in China during the Song dynasty
(10th century) and continued until the end of the
Qing dynasty. The practice was formally prohibited
in China in 1911 but continued in isolated regions
well into the 1930s. In 1998, the last factory to
manufacture shoes for women with bound feet (in
Harbin, China) ended production.
Korea and Japan
During the Middle Ages
500-1600
Geography of the Korean Peninsula
1. Seventy percent of
Korea is
mountainous.
2. Because farming is
difficult in the
mountains, most
Koreans live along
the western coastal
plain, Korea’s major
farming area.
3. Korea has a 5,400
mile coastline with
hundreds of good
harbors.
4. Since earliest
times, Koreans have
depended on seafood
for protein in their
diet.
5. Korea’s location on
China’s doorstep has
played a key role in
its history and
development.
Korea
Prehistory – 918 A.D.
Tan’gun Legend
According to legend, the first acknowledged
kingdom in Korea emerged in 2333 BC. Tan'gun
Wang'gom, the first great ruler of Korea,
established his capital at Asadal (now
P'yong'yang) and called his kingdom Choson, a
name that means "Land of the Morning Calm."
Chinese Influence
Han
Emperor Wudi in 108 B.C. conquerored
Korea:
-Confucian teachings and writing style.
-Buddhist influence plays a major role
Korean government adapted Chinese ways
-the Chinese civil service examination
Koreans absorbed many Chinese traditions,
but
Korea was able to preserve its
maintain a separate and distinct culture.
Era of Three Kingdoms
 Between
300 and 600 A.D., three
powerful kingdoms emerged:
Shilla, Koguryo, and Paekche.
 These kingdoms war constantly.
 Shilla was the weakest of the three.
 Shilla becomes the dominate kingdom
and eventually establishes the first
dynasty; help from China…
HOW??
Hwarang - Korea's Warrior Knights
Who are the Hwarangs
A group of aristocratic
young men who studied
and played the arts of
war.
 The Hwarang is actually
a warrior code not a
fighting style.
 Though part of the
regular army, their
spirit and devotion set
them apart from other
soldiers.

Hwarang Principles
The main principles they
followed were:
 Loyalty to one's country
 Obedience to one's
parents
 Loyalty to one's friends
 Refusal to retreat from
enemy attack
 Abstention from the
senseless killing of any
living thing
Copyright Sun-Do Taekwondo Association. All Rights Reserved.
Koryo Dynasty
918-1392 AD
It was the Koryo
dynasty that ascended
after Shilla and again
brought unity to the
Korean nation.
 During this period the
development of the
martial art known today
as Taekwondo became
more systematized and
was made a compulsory
requirement for
selection and training in
the military.

TaeKwondo
Geography of Japan
1. Japan is located on
an archipelago, or
chain of islands,
about 100 miles off
the Asian mainland.
2. Four-fifths of
Japan is
mountainous
3. Most people settled
in narrow river
valleys and along
coastal plains.
4. The surrounding
seas have both
protected and
isolated Japan.
5. Japan was close
enough to the
mainland to learn
from Korea and
China, but too far
away for the
Chinese to
conquer.
6. The seas also
served as trade
routes for Japan
Shinto: Japan’s
Native Religion
•
•
•
•
Shinto means: “The
way of the gods.”
No complex rituals or
philosophy.
Believers in Shinto
find beauty in “kami”:
the forces of nature
Nickname: “Land of
the Rising Sun” comes
from the ancient
beliefs in their sun
goddess Amaterasu.
Shinto Explained
There are "Four Affirmations“ in Shinto:
 Tradition and the family: The family is
seen as the main mechanism by which
traditions are preserved. Their main
celebrations relate to birth and marriage.
 Love of nature: Nature is sacred; to be in
contact with nature is to be close to the
Gods. Natural objects are worshipped as
sacred spirits.
 Physical cleanliness: Followers of Shinto
take baths, wash their hands, and rinse
out their mouth often.
 "Matsuri“: The worship and honor given to
the Kami and ancestral spirits.

Yamato Clan
500-1000 AD
•
•
•
•
Recorded Japanese history
begins in approximately
A.D. 500 when the
Yamato clan takes over
much of Honshu Island
Roots are traced back to
the legendary sun goddess
First and only dynasty but
each emperor has claimed
his roots through this clan
even to today
Through the 700s Japan
was greatly influenced by
China
Emperor Akihito and wif
Chinese Civilization
Influenced Early Japan
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In the early 600s, Japan
began sending students,
monks, traders, and
officials to China.
These visitors returned to
Japan eager to spread
Chinese thought,
technology, and the arts.
The Yamato clan set up an
imperial court similar to
that of China. Japan keeps
inheritance as part of its
government system.
Chinese Civilization
Influenced Early Japan
The
Japanese kept some Chinese
ways but discarded or modified
others. This process is known as
selective borrowing.
Areas of influence:
Chinese ideas about government
Chinese fashion
Chinese foods
Confucian ideas and ethics
Chinese architecture

By
AD 800 enthusiasm for
everything Chinese died down.
The Heian Period
•From
794 to 1185, the
imperial capital was in Heian,
present-day Kyoto.
•At
the Heian court an
elegant and sophisticated
culture blossomed.
•Noblemen
and noblewomen
lived in a fairy-tale
atmosphere…
•Partners:
See page 318 and
select four significant facts
about the Heian Court.
Life at the Court
•
Elaborate rules of etiquette
governed court ceremony.
•
The focus turned to poetry,
literature, concerts and the
arts.
•
Noblewomen would create a
distinct literature giving
great insights into the era.
•
“kana” language developed;
phonetic additions,
standardized Japanese
•
Men used Chinese; women
forbidden!
Heian Court Dress
Heian Court Dress
Rise of
Japanese Feudalism
•By 11th century large
landowners set up private armies
and raided the countryside
•The Heian Court members were
too involved in luxury living and
making fortunes to help
•Small farmers hired
“protection” from the gentry
class in exchange for land
•Feudalism arrived in Japan…
Japanese Social Structure
In theory, the emperor stood at
the head of Japanese feudal
society. In fact, he was
powerless. Real power lay in the
hands of the shogun, or supreme
military commander.
The shogun distributed land to
vassal lords who agreed to protect
them. These great warrior lords
were called daimyo. They, in turn,
granted land to lesser warriors
called samurai.
First Shogun Ruler
Minamoto Yoritomo
•He set up the Kamakura
Shongunate
•First of three military
dynasties that would rule
Japan for 700 years
•Yoritomo's shogunate set
the pattern for
governmental structure in
Japan
Minamoto Yoritomo
•
The Warriors World
•Belonging to a Japanese
samurai class was a
hereditary membership
•About five in every 100
belonged to this class
•Privileges: Carry two
swords and wear a special
headdress
•Highly trained and
received special privileges
in Japanese society
19th century Samurai
Japanese Warrior Armor
“The way of the warrior”
•A code of unquestioning obedience
•Honor more important than wealth
or life
•Absolute loyalty to one’s lord
•A true samurai would have no fear
of death because –“If you think of
saving your life, you had better not
go to war at all”
Practiced “seppuku” a ritual
suicide
Zen Buddhism
•Widely popular among the Samurai class
and it spreads because of their support
•It emphasizes physical and mental health
•Transition easy for the Shinto believers
•Believed in the unity of nature
•Buddhist monasteries were centers of
learning and the arts
-landscape gardening
-flower arranging
Introduced into
Japan by Eisai
•Meditation and prayer are important to
spiritual growth
Zen Buddhism
Samurai Sisters
Reading: “Samurai Sisters:
Feudal Japan”
•Samurai women were expected
to exhibit: loyalty, bravery and
take on the duty of revenge
•Women were to responsible for
the harvest, household supplies,
servants and educating the
children
•Occasionally, women would join
in the battles with the men
•“Seppuku” was required for
women also
Video Clip from Shogun
Women will eventually be bound
by the “Three Obediences…”
Peasant Women
Reading: “Peasant Women”
Select four facts. Discuss.
• 90% of all women in this class
• Worked alongside the men
• Could inherit property as long
as they did not remarry
• Divorce was uncommon but
available
• Farmers only took one wife
• Wore their hair short
• Eventually the samurai ideal
influenced this class and their
freedoms changed…