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Unit II: 600 – 1450
Islam
Name the god, prophet and holy book of
Islam, the last of the great monotheistic
religions that began on the Arabian
peninsula in the 7th century.
Islam
Name the god, prophet and holy book of
Islam, the last of the great monotheistic
religions that began on the Arabian
peninsula in the 7th century.
Allah, Mohammad and the Qu’ran.
Islam
Muslims believe that salvation is won
through submission to the will of God,
accomplished by following the Five Pillars
of Islam. Name the five pillars.
Islam
Muslims believe that salvation is won through
submission to the will of God, accomplished by
following the Five Pillars of Islam. Name the
five pillars.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Confession of faith
Prayer five times daily
Charity to the needy
Fasting during the month-long Ramadan
Pilgrimage to Mecca at least once during one’s
lifetime
Islam
What’s the difference between the beliefs
of Shiite and Sunni Muslims?
Islam
What’s the difference between the beliefs
of Shiite and Sunni Muslims?
Shiites hold that Ali, Mohammad’s sonin-law, was the rightful heir to the
empire, while Sunnis do not believe that
he and his hereditary line are the chosen
successors.
Islam
What’s the name for the Islamic mystics
who were the most effective missionaries
because they stressed a personal
relationship with Allah rather than
particular forms of ritual?
Islam
What’s the name for the Islamic mystics
who were the most effective missionaries
because they stressed a personal
relationship with Allah rather than
particular forms of ritual?
Sufis
Islam
Under the Umayyad dynasty (661-750),
Islam established its capital in Damascus
and quickly conquered a vast region
because of weak surrounding empires and
in part by encouraging converts to Islam by
pursuing what policy?
Islam
Under the Umayyad dynasty (661-750),
Islam established its capital in Damascus
and quickly conquered a vast region
because of weak surrounding empires and
in part by encouraging converts to Islam by
pursuing what policy?
Taxing those who chose not to convert
Islam
What dynasty reigned from 750 to 1258
(when they were finally toppled by the
Mongols), moved the capital to Baghdad
and were heavily influenced by Persian
techniques of statecraft?
Islam
What dynasty reigned from 750 to 1258
(when they were finally toppled by the
Mongols), moved the capital to Baghdad
and were heavily influenced by Persian
techniques of statecraft?
The Abbasid dynasty
Islam
Characterize the general status of women
under Islam.
Islam
Characterize the general status of women under
Islam.
Compared to earlier times and most other
places, women in Islamic society gained some
legal rights, were treated with more dignity
and were equal in the eyes of Allah. They were
still subservient to men and over time Islamic
society became more and more patriarchal.
Byzantium
What was home to Orthodox Christianity
in Constantinople, used the Greek language
and was heavily influenced by Eastern
cultures like those of Persia?
Byzantium
What lasted until 1453, was home to Orthodox
Christianity in Constantinople, used the Greek
language and was heavily influenced by Eastern
cultures like those of Persia?
The Byzantine Empire, the eastern half of the
old Roman Empire – the western half of which
collapsed in 476 CE.
Byzantium
Who was the most famous of Byzantium’s
rulers, and what were his most important
accomplishments?
Byzantium
Who was the most famous of Byzantium’s rulers,
and what were his most important
accomplishments?
Justinian (reigned 527-565); his codification of
Roman law (Justinian Code) that later in the
Middle Ages served as the legal basis for states
in the West … and his support of arts and
sciences and major architectural projects,
including the Hagia Sophia.
Byzantium
What’s the term for what happened in 1054
when the Byzantine patriarch and the pope
in Rome mutually excommunicated each
other over disputes about what should be
considered properly Christian?
Byzantium
What’s the term for what happened in
1054: the Byzantine patriarch and the pope
in Rome mutually excommunicated each
other over disputes about what should be
considered properly Christian?
The Great Schism, or East-West Schism
Byzantium
Where can the Byzantine Empire’s cultural
legacy – Orthodox Christianity and Cyrillic
alphabet – still be seen today?
Byzantium
Where can the Byzantine Empire’s cultural
legacy – Orthodox Christianity and Cyrillic
alphabet – still be seen today?
Russia and Slavic Eastern Europe
Europe
What are three cool (and accurate)
adjectives that might be used to
characterize Europe during the so-called
Middle Ages?
Europe
What are three cool (and accurate)
adjectives that might be used to
characterize Europe during the so-called
Middle Ages?
Decentralized, feudal, quarrelsome
Europe
What institution was the single greatest
unifying force in western Europe during
the Middle Ages?
Europe
What institution was the single greatest
unifying force in western Europe during
the Middle Ages?
The Catholic Church
Europe
Name the three serious threats of outside
invasion Europeans faced during the
Middle Ages – a fact that in part explains
the region’s adoption of feudalism during
this time.
Europe
Name the three serious threats of outside invasion
Europeans faced during the Middle Ages – a fact
that in part explains the region’s adoption of
feudalism during this time.
Vikings from the north (Scandinavia),
Magyars from the east (Hungary) and
Muslims from the south
Europe
Name the social, economic and political
system that included – from the top down –
kings, nobles, vassals and peasants (or
serfs) in a system of mutual obligations.
Europe
Name the social, economic and political
system that included – from the top down –
kings, nobles, vassals and peasants (or
serfs) in a system of mutual obligations.
Feudalism
Europe
Large, self-sufficient estates consisting of
fields, meadows, forests, agricultural tools
and domestic animals, on which serfs were
tied to the land with few rights, acted as the
backbone of feudal Europe’s economy.
What were these entities called?
Europe
Large, self-sufficient estates consisting of
fields, meadows, forests, agricultural tools
and domestic animals, on which serfs were
tied to the land with few rights, acted as the
backbone of feudal Europe’s economy.
What were these entities called?
Manors
Europe
Over time towns formed economic alliances
somewhat akin to regions with integrated citystates. They established common trade practices
and secured the regional business environment,
which led to the growth of a sizable middle class.
Name the most notable of these alliances that
controlled trade throughout much of northern
Europe and came to influence the Dutch and the
English.
Europe
Over time towns formed economic alliances
somewhat akin to integrated city-state
complexes. They established common trade
practices and secured the regional business
environment, which led to the growth of a sizable
middle class. Name the most notable of these
alliances that controlled trade throughout much
of northern Europe and came to influence the
Dutch and the English.
Hanseatic League
Europe
What was arguably the most important
long-term impact of the Crusades, the
basically unsuccessful military campaigns
undertaken by European Christians during
the 11th through 14th centuries to take back
the Holy Land and convert Muslims and
others to Christianity?
Europe
What was arguably the most important long-term
impact of the Crusades, the basically
unsuccessful military campaigns undertaken by
European Christians during the 11th through 14th
centuries to take back the Holy Land and convert
Muslims and others to Christianity?
Europeans were reengaged with the wider
world, reacquainted with the Greek classics
and thereby newly open to thought outside
that of the Church.
Europe
Another thing that weakened the Church
and greatly sped up social and economic
changes during the Late Middle Ages was
the bubonic plague. What’s the name of the
plague of the mid-14th century that
originated in China and spread westward
on trade routes, eventually killing an
estimated 35 million people?
Europe
Another thing that weakened the Church and
greatly sped up social and economic changes
during the Late Middle Ages was the bubonic
plague. What’s the name of the plague of the
mid-14th century that originated in China and
spread westward on trade routes, eventually
killing an estimated 35 million people?
The Black Death, or Great Mortality
Europe
What is the significance of the Magna
Carta, a document that powerful nobles
forced King John of England to sign in
1215?
Europe
What is the significance of the Magna Carta, a
document that powerful nobles forced King John
of England to sign in 1215?
It eventually extended the rule of law to lower
classes and laid the foundation for Parliament.
It was, thus, a foundational legal document of
the long journey away from monarchy and
toward representative democracy.
Europe
What’s the name of the conflict between
the English and French that eventually led
to England’s withdrawal from France and a
subsequent consolidation of royal power in
France under the Bourbons, who steered
the country on a course of increasing
power on the European continent?
Europe
What’s the name of the conflict between
the English and French that eventually led
to England’s withdrawal from France and a
subsequent consolidation of royal power in
France under the Bourbons, who steered
the country on a course of increasing
power on the European continent?
The Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453)
China
What were two major internal problems
that contributed to the ultimate downfall of
the Song dynasty?
China
What were two major internal problems that
contributed to the ultimate downfall of the Song
dynasty?
One was a financial crisis that developed
because of the dynasty’s spending on its
enormous bureaucracy, which triggered
major rebellions over efforts to raise taxes on
peasants. A second problem was the failure of
the scholar bureaucrats to manage their
military and guard China’s borders.
China
Under the Tang (618-907) and early Song
(960-1279) dynasties, Confucian
philosophy was adapted to Buddhist ideas
to become the guiding doctrine and basis
for civil service. What was the name of this
syncretic belief?
China
Under the Tang (618-907) and early Song
(960-1279) dynasties, Confucian
philosophy was adapted to Buddhist ideas
to become the guiding doctrine and basis
for civil service. What was the name of this
syncretic belief?
Neo-Confucianism
China
What practice became widespread among
elite families during the Song dynasty and
is perhaps the most notable and enduring
cultural practice signifying the
subordination of Chinese women?
China
What practice became widespread among
elite families during the Song dynasty and
is perhaps the most notable cultural
practice signifying the subordination of
Chinese women?
Foot binding
China
Name the system by which China
exercised indirect rule and cultural
preeminence of surrounding vassal states
such as Vietnam, Korea and Tibet – a
system that acknowledged the supremacy
of the Chinese emperor and sent
ambassadors bearing gifts.
China
Name the system by which China
exercised indirect rule and its cultural
preeminence over surrounding vassal states
such as Vietnam, Korea and Tibet – a
system that acknowledged the supremacy
of the Chinese emperor and involved
ambassadors bearing gifts.
tribute system
China
Under what dynasty did China develop
printing processes that facilitated the
spread of literacy and influenced literature
in surrounding states like Korea and Japan?
China
Under what dynasty did China develop
printing processes that facilitated the
spread of literacy and influenced literature
in surrounding states like Korea and Japan?
Song dynasty
China
The cultural achievement most notable
during the Tang dynasty was what?
China
The cultural achievement most notable
during the Tang dynasty was what?
Poetry, which reveals much about daily
life in China during this time
China
What achievement of the Sui dynasty (589618) paid dividends for a thousand years
because it integrated the economies of
northern and southern China?
China
What achievement of the Sui dynasty (589-618)
paid dividends for a thousand years because it
integrated the economies of northern and
southern China?
The Grand Canal, a series of artificial
waterways linking the Yellow River in the
north with the Yangzi River in the south, both
of which run generally east to west
China
Name five technological advancements the
Chinese made during this period.
China
Name five technological advancements the
Chinese made during this period.
1. Gunpowder
2. Magnetic compass
3. Watertight bulkheads
4. Sternpost rudder
5. Increased production of iron and steel
Japan
What’s the name of the Japanese religion
that worships the kami, or nature and all its
forces, seen and unseen …where the goal
is to become part of the kami by following
rituals and practicing obedience and proper
behavior … and holds the emperor as a
direct descendant of the sun goddess?
Japan
What’s the name of the Japanese religion
that worships the kami, or nature and all its
forces, seen and unseen …where the goal
is to become part of the kami by following
rituals and practicing obedience and proper
behavior … and holds the emperor as a
direct descendant of the sun goddess?
Shinto
Japan
During the Tang dynasty, nearby Japan
adopted some of the political reforms of
China and modeled its capital after the
Tang capital … but it rejected
Confucianism and the idea of a
meritocratic civil service bureaucracy.
Why?
Japan
During the Tang dynasty, nearby Japan adopted
some of the political reforms of China and
modeled its capital after the Tang capital … but it
rejected Confucianism and the idea of a
meritocratic civil service bureaucracy. Why?
Both expressed high regard for education, but
in Japan the hereditary noble classes believed
that the privileges of birthright came before
education.
Japan
Japan had a figurehead emperor and a chief
general, or shogun, who wielded the real
power over the daimyo, who were
samurai warriors and large landowners
who divided up their lands to lesser and
lesser samurai in a land-for-loyalty
arrangement similar to what social and
political system also present in Europe at
the same time?
Japan
Japan had a figurehead emperor and a chief
general, or shogun, who wielded the real power
over the daimyo, who were samurai warrior and
large landowners who divided up their lands to
lesser and lesser samurai in a land-for-loyalty
arrangement similar to what social and political
system also present in Europe at the same time?
Feudalism
Japan
Samurai, who were like knights, followed
what code of conduct that was similar to
chivalry in Europe (loyalty, courage, honor
… to the point of suicide if obligations
weren’t met)?
Japan
Samurai, who were like knights, followed
what code of conduct that was similar to
chivalry in Europe (loyalty, courage, honor
… to the point of suicide if obligations
weren’t met)?
Code of Bushido
Vietnam and Korea
Which of these two neighbors of China put
up more resistance and fought to keep
more of its independence despite the
tributary relationship with the more
powerful China?
Vietnam and Korea
Which of these two neighbors of China put
up more resistance and fought to keep
more of its independence despite the
tributary relationship with the more
powerful China?
Vietnam
India
In the so-called Delhi Sultanate from about
1200 to 1400, what monotheistic religion
spread across northern India and came into
sharp contrast with the existing polytheism
of Hinduism?
India
In the so-called Delhi Sultanate from about
1200 to 1400, what monotheistic religion
spread across northern India and came into
sharp contrast with the existing polytheism
of Hinduism?
Islam
India
Why were Hinduism and Islam so
incompatible?
India
Why were Hinduism and Islam so incompatible?
1. Hinduism is polytheistic, while Islam is
monotheistic.
2. Hinduism upholds the caste system, while
Islam holds that everyone is equal in the eyes
of God.
3. Hindus hold cows as sacred, while Muslims
eat them (cows, that is, not the Hindus).
Mongols
Who unified the Mongol tribes, conquering
the greatest land empire ever and splitting
them into hordes (smaller, independent
empires)?
Mongols
Who unified the Mongol tribes, conquering
the greatest land empire ever and splitting
them into hordes (smaller, independent
empires)?
Genghis Khan
Mongols
What was the Pax Mongolica, and why
was it so important?
Mongols
What was the Pax Mongolica, and why was it so
important?
The period of Mongol peace from the mid1200s to the mid-1300s. Although they
destroyed much on their way to empire, once
in power the Mongols maintained stability
sufficient to re-ignite trade and the diffusion
of ideas across Eurasia – and Europe, which
escaped subjugation by the Mongols, benefited
by learning new technologies, such as printing
and gunpowder.
Mongols
Beyond the roles it played in cultural
diffusion (which eventually narrowed the
technology gap between East and West)
and helping inadvertently to spread the
Black Death, what other major, longlasting impact did the Mongol Empire
have?
Mongols
Beyond the roles it played in cultural diffusion
(which eventually narrowed the technology gap
between East and West) and helping
inadvertently to spread the Black Death, what
other major, long-lasting impact did the Mongol
Empire have?
Its rule over Russia (the Golden Horde)
delayed that country’s unification and cultural
development. Serfdom, for example, lasted
into the 1800s – centuries after its dissolution
in western Europe.
Africa
What’s the name of the empire that arose
around modern-day Ethiopia, carried on
extensive trade with the Mediterranean
world and converted to Christianity – the
legacy of which can still be seen today in a
large Christian community?
Africa
What’s the name of the empire that arose
around modern-day Ethiopia, carried on
extensive trade with the Mediterranean
world and converted to Christianity – the
legacy of which can still be seen today in a
large Christian community?
Axum
Africa
To what does the term Swahili Coast refer?
Africa
To what does the term Swahili Coast refer?
The eastern coast of Africa, which was linked
through trade with India and Southeast Asia.
Swahili is Arabic for “coasters” and the
Swahili language is a mix of the original Bantu
language of Africa and Arabic supplements,
brought via the interaction of Muslim
merchants trading African ports for gold,
slaves, ivory and other exotic products from
the interior of the continent.
Africa
Who was the great Mali ruler who built a
capital at Timbuktu and was perhaps the
wealthiest king in the world during the 14th
century, when he made a famous
pilgrimage to Mecca and helped spread the
influence of Islam in West Africa?
Africa
Who was the great Mali ruler who built a
capital at Timbuktu and was perhaps the
wealthiest king in the world during the 14th
century, when he made a famous
pilgrimage to Mecca and helped spread the
influence of Islam in West Africa?
Mansa Musa
Africa
Describe the nature of trade in West Africa
that explains why kingdoms like Ghana
(800-1000) and Mali (1200-1450) were
heavily influenced by Islam.
Africa
Describe the nature of trade in West Africa that
explains why kingdoms like Ghana (800-1000)
and Mali (1200-1450) were heavily influenced by
Islam.
Islamic traders from north Africa brought salt
(and later a lot of other things) from the
Sahara south into that region, where they
exchanged it for gold. Their religion took root
in West Africa as trade flourished there.
Americas
Name the three great civilizations of
Central and South America that developed
before Europeans arrived in the late 15th
century.
Americas
Name the three great civilizations of Central and
South America that developed before Europeans
arrived in the late 15th century.
the Maya (around Mexico’s Yucatan
Peninsula and Central America), the Aztecs
(central Mexico) and the Incas (western coast
of South America, along the Andes
Mountains)
The Aztecs
How did the Aztecs administer their
empire?
The Aztecs
How did the Aztecs administer their
empire?
Instead of an elaborate bureaucracy,
they demanded tribute from conquered
areas and then allowed them to selfgovern. Roads were built to keep
together the far-flung parts of the
empire.
The Aztecs
Why was the Aztec religious system tied
closely to the military?
The Aztecs
Why was the Aztec religious system tied
closely to the military?
The military was used to obtain the tens
of thousands of men and women
sacrificed each year in religious
ceremonies.
The Incas
Like other indigenous peoples of the
Americas, the Incas lacked large
domesticated animals such as oxen and
horses – so the prime source of labor was
human and the wheel was nonexistent.
What was the minor exception to this rule?
The Incas
Like other indigenous peoples of the
Americas, the Incas lacked large
domesticated animals such as oxen and
horses – so the prime source of labor was
human and the wheel was nonexistent.
What was the minor exception to this rule?
They had llamas and alpacas.
The Incas
The Incas, ruling as a military elite, used a
large class of bureaucrats to administer
their empire, which spanned 2,500 miles
along the Andean coast and where private
property did not exist. What major building
project helped facilitate the administration
of empire?
The Incas
The Incas, ruling as a military elite, used a large
class of bureaucrats to administer their empire,
which spanned 2,500 miles along the Andean
coast and where private property did not exist.
What major building project helped facilitate the
administration of empire?
A paved road system running north and south
totaling perhaps 10,000 miles, where runners
on official state business could carry messages
up to 140 miles a day in a “pony express”
fashion.
The Incas
The Incas never invented a system of
writing, but they kept an accounting of
harvests and a census record using a set of
colored, knotted strings. What’s the name
of this device?
The Incas
The Incas never invented a system of
writing, but they kept an accounting of
harvests and a census record using a set of
colored, knotted strings. What’s the name
of this device?
The quipu (KEY-poo)
Trade
Thanks to advances in naval technologies,
the trade linking societies from East to
West across Eurasia migrated more and
more south from the Silk Road to this
region, where traders from Persia, Arabia,
India and China operated in various subsectors, thereby creating multicultural
societies as traders far from their homes
took local wives.
Trade
Thanks to advances in naval technologies, the
trade linking societies from East to West across
Eurasia migrated more and more south from the
Silk Road to this region, where traders from
Persia, Arabia, India and China operated in
various sub-sectors, thereby creating
multicultural societies as traders far from their
homes took local wives.
The Indian Ocean (Indian Ocean Maritime
System)