Download Ancient Stuff - AP Human Geography

Ancient Stuff
8000 BCE to 600 CE
The Big Picture
• What are civilizations all about? What makes a civilization?
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Political, economic, religion
Social levels
Occupations
Use of technology
Art
Communication
Transportation
• How does change occur within a society?
– CULTURAL DIFFUSION
• How are people impacted by, and how do they impact,
geography, and climate?
At the beginning there was…
• Major changes… remember that everything is a
chain reaction in history
– one event sets up everything
• The beginning period
– Figuring out farming
– What happens when there is enough to eat?
– Developing tech and ideas to support a city
• And takeover others
– Rise of major world religions
– Collapse of Classical Empires
Nomads: Follow the food
• Imagine early people
– No cities
– No farms
– Only tried to satisfy FOOD and SHELTER needs
– No advanced tools
– Had to FIND shelter and had to FIND food
Foraging Societies: Hunt and Gather
• Foraging societies = Hunter and Gatherers
• Life was dictated by the animals
Pastoral Societies: Taming the animals
• Characterized by the DOMESTICATION of
animals
• Usually found in more mountainous regions
The Neolithic Revolution
• “New Stone”
– AKA Agricultural Revolution
• 8000 BCE to 3000 BC
• Civilizations started by water sources
• Learn to cultivate => get to stay in one spot =>
=> Sense of Property with ties to land =>
Sense of Unity => specialization of society =>
culture
Important consequence…
• FOOD SURPLUS
• Leads to more complex societies, organized
economies, governmental structures, religion
• With IRRIGATION more land could be
cultivated… leading to greater societal
expansion
Impact on environment
• Changed the landscape
– Diverted water
– Clearing land
– Buildings
– Stones cut into for building materials and
monuments
• Animals used for labor… not just food and
clothing
The Bronze age
• The latter half of the Neolithic period
• They had developed in the first half
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Pottery
Sharpened stones
Plows
Carts
Sails
wheels
• During the Bronze age
– Combined copper with tin
– Created a harder metal
The BIG, Early civilizations: The Rivers
Deliver
Early civilizations
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3000- 2000 BCE
Mesopotamia
Egypt
India
China
• CITY-STATE
– The city and the surrounding countryside
Mesopotamia
• “land between the rivers”
– Tigris and Euphrates
– Flooding was unpredictable
• Early settlements washed away
• Eventually built canals and dikes
• Encompassed multiple civilizations
– Sumer
– Babylon
– Persia
• Part of the FERTILE CRESCENT
Mesopotamia Cont…
• By 3000 BCE
– UR, Erech, Kish
• Major City-States
Ancient SUMER
• Developed CUNEIFORM
– Ancient writing form
– Scribes
• Writer
– Wrote laws, customs, treaties
• Developed 12 month calendar
• Math…60 units (as in 60 seconds)
• Developed arches and columns
Sumerians Cont…
• Polytheistic
– Belief in more than one god
– Each city has its own god and then there was a
collective of gods that all cities worshipped
• Built ZIGGURATS
– Raised temples to honor the gods
– Disasters were due to gods being angry
• By 1700 BCE it was no more
From Sumer to Babylon to Nineveh to
Babylon
• The Akkadians (city of Akkad)
– Rose after the decline of Sumer
• Eventually overrun by BABYLON
– Leader: King Hammurabi
• HAMMURABI’S CODE: first set of modern legal code
– Distinguished between major and minor offenses
– Applied to everyone
– Distinguished between social classes
• Babylon falls to the HITTITES
– 1500 BCE
Cont…
• Hittites
– Dominated due to use of iron weapons
• Assyrians learn of Iron tech
– Ninaveh (capital of Assyria)
– Highly disciplined but cruel
– Frequent uprisings
• Chaldeans took over next
– Leader: King Nebuchadnezzar
– Rebuilt Babylon as a showplace
• Persians then emerge and take over the Fertile
crescent
Persian Immersion
• 500 BCE
• Built roads
– Great Royal Road
• 1600 miles from Persian Gulf to Aegean Sea
Lydians, Phoenicians, and Hebrews…
OH MY!
• Lydians
– Came up with money instead of bartering
– Allowed more consistent pricing and a reason to save
• Phoenicians
– Established powerful naval city-states along the
Mediteranean
– Developed simple alphabet… leads to our modern
alphabet
• Hebrews (Jews/Judaism)
– Monotheistic
– Established Israel in Palestine
Hebrews…cont…
• Believed they are God’s chosen people
• Frequently invaded but maintain identity
– Nebuchadnezzar enslaved them
– Under Persian rule they were freed
Ancient Egypt: Stay awhile along the
Nile
Ancient Egypt
• Reached peak around 1400 BCE (New
Kingdom)
• Three major Kingdoms
– Old
– Middle
– New
Egyptian Achievements
• Before the Old Kingdom they united under King
Menes
• Rulers known as Pharoahs
– Seen as gods
• Constructed Obelisks and Pyramids
• Hieroglyphics
– System of writing in pictures
• Reliable calendar
• Engaged heavily in trade
You can take it with you!
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Egyptians were polytheistic
Belief in the afterlife
Believed they could take their belongings
Believed they could use their bodies in the
afterlife…leads to MUMMIFICATION
– Preserving dead bodies
– Only available to the elite
Egyptian Women, Hear them ROAR!
• Queen Hatshepsut
– First known female ruler
– 22 years during New Kingdom
– Expanded trade
• Women could
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buy and sell property
Inherit property
Will their property
Dissolve marriages
• Women were still subservient to men
– Valued as bearers of children
– Females not as educated as male counterparts
Ancient Egypt in Decline 
• By 1100 BCE until 100 BCE
• Conquered by both Assyrians and Persians…
then the Greeks and finally the ROMANS
Indus River Valley Civilization:
Indus Valley cont…
• 2500 BCE to 1500 BCE
• Khyber pass
– “only” way into the Indus Valley
– They were cut off from invaders at the beginning
• Major cities
– Mohenjo-Daro
– Harrapa
• Home to about 100,000 each
• May have had sophisticated water systems
• Strong Central government
Indus Valley Cont…
• Most likely led by a King-Priest
• Polytheistic
• Indus Industry was top notch
– Used potter’s wheel
– Grew cotton
– Made cloth
• Around 1900 BCE the cities started to be
abandoned for unknown reasons
Arrival of the Aryans
• Nomadic tribe from North of the Caucasus
Mountains
Aryans Cont…
• Used horses and advanced weapons to easily
defeat Indus people
• Began to settle Indus Valley
• Most Important fact
– Belief system formed HINDUISM
• Reincarnation
• Polytheistic
• Recorded beliefs in the VEDAS and UPANISHADS
• Also contributed the CASTE SYSTEM
Caste System
• Initially Warriors/Priests/Peasants
• Later changes to Priests
(brahmans)/Warriors/LandownersMerchants/Peasants
• As system evolved movement between classes
forbidden
– Born into it
Early China: SHANG on the HWANG
• Shang China rose in the Hwang Ho River Valley
– AKA Yellow River Valley
Shang Cont…
• 1600 BCE to 1100 BCE
• Like others they used agricultural surplus to
build a trade center
• Northern China
• Military Power
– used chariots
• Limited contact with world
• Believed they were the CENTER OF THE
WORLD
Shang Cont…
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Called themselves “ALL UNDER HEAVEN”
Accomplished Bronze workers
Chariots and developed the spoked wheel
Pottery
Silk
Devised a decimal system
Highly accurate Calendar
Shang’s Family Focus
• Extended family important
• Patriarchal structure
– Led by eldest male
• Believed God’s controlled all aspects of
people’s lives
• Believed they could call on their dead
ancestors to advocate with the Gods
– Led to greater significance of extended family
Enter the ZHOU
• Zhou dynasty
– AKA Chou
– 1100 BCE
• Ruled for about 900 years
• Believed in MANDATE OF HEAVEN
– Heaven would grant power as long as its rulers
governed justly and wisely
– Similar to DIVINE RIGHT
Zhou Cont…
• Developed a feudal system
– King ruled overall
– Nobles given power over smaller regions
• King protected nobles in exchange for loyalty
• As time passes, the nobles built up power
– Kingdoms emerge after splits
• Some developed BUREAUCRACIES
– Government organizing into BUREAUS
» Specialized departments
• ZHOU ends in 256 BCE
WEST AFRICA: BANTU migrations
and the “Stateless Society”
• Around 1500 BCE
• Niger river and Benue River valleys migrated east
and south
– BANTU MIGRATIONS
• Spurred by climate change
• Sahara desert area
• BANTU was the family of languages
• JENNE-JENO
– First city in Sub-Saharan Africa
– Not hierarchically organized
• Collection of communities
Classical Civilizations
Classical Civilizations: India
• Mauryan Empire
– 321 BCE to 180 BCE
• Gupta Dynasty
– 320 to 550 CE
Mauryan Empire
• 321 BCE to 180 BCE
• Aryan Culture spread (Introduced Hinduism
and caste system)
• Founded by Chadragupta Maurya
– Unified the smaller Aryan kingdoms
– Grandfather to Ashoka Maurya
• Ashoka was its greatest leader
– Rock and Pillar Edicts
• Reminded people to live generous and righteous lives
• Converted to Buddhism and spread the religion
Mauryan Empire cont…
• Became powerful through trade
– Silk, cotton, elephants
– To Mesopotamia and eastern Roman empire
• Had a powerful military
– Ashoka converted to Buddhism after a violent and
bloody battle over the Kalinga
– He then started preaching nonviolence and
moderation
Gupta Dynasty
• 320 – 550 CE
• Major Leader: Chandra Gupta
– Led the “golden age”
• Peaceful time
• Advances in art and science
– Developed Pi and concept of zero
– Decimal system of 1-9
» Diffused to Arabs and became known as arabic numerals
• Hinduism came back along with caste system
– Women lost rights
• Collapsed after White Hun invasion in 550
Classical Civilizations: China
• Qin Dynasty
– 221 to 209 BCE
• Han Dynasty
– 200 BCE to 200 CE
Qin Dynasty in China
• 221 to 209 BCE
– Extremely short
– Buuuuuuut Important
• Connected fortification walls and created the
GREAT WALL OF CHINA
• Leader: Qin Shi Huang Di
• Standardized laws, currencies, weights,
measures, and writing
• Did not tolerate dissent… burned books and
killed dissenters
Qin Cont…
• Patriarchal
• LEGALISM
– Believed in strong government
• After emperor’s death peasants revolted and
led to the HAN DYNASTY
Han Dynasty in China
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200 BCE to 200 CE
The Huns invaded China and Eastern Europe
Major leader: WU TI
Trade thrived along the Silk Road
Developed CIVIL SERVICE SYSTEM
– Based on merit not who you knew
– Based on teachings of Confucius
– Testing lasted several days
– Open to all but only the wealthy could afford to
prepare for it
Han Dynasty cont…
• Invented paper, accurate sundials, and
calendars
• Broadened use of metals
Classical Civilizations: The
Mediterranean
Classical Civilizations: Greece
• Mountainous area
– Not good for agriculture
• Good harbors and mild weather
• Eventually replaced bartering with monetary
system… developed by who?
• Because of this ATHENS emerges as a wealthy
city
• Because land was scarce they developed a
strong military to expand their territory
Greece cont…
• Polis
– AKA city-state
– Shared culture and identity
– Each was independent
• Led to conflict
• Two main city-states
– ATHENS
• More culturally centered
– SPARTA
• More militarily centered
• Women had more rights than in Athens
Greece cont…
• Polis
– Composed three groups
• Citizens (adult males) in business/commerce
• Free people with no political rights
• Non-citizens (slaves with no rights… about 1/3rd)
• Among Citizens civic decisions were debated
and all citizens participated (only males)
– FIRST DEMOCRACY
Greece cont…
• Slavery led to Democracy
– Slave labor led to extra free time
– Slaves could buy their freedom
Greek Mythology
• Polytheistic
– Zeus
– Aphrodite
• Gods possessed human failings
– Got angry
– Got drunk
– Took sides
– Had petty arguments
War with Persia… The Greeks hold on
• PERSIAN WARS
– United Greek city-states against their mutual
enemy… Persia
– Much of Athens was destroyed
– Two major victories
• Marathon and Salamis
• After war they enter the “Golden Age of
Pericles”
Golden Age of Pericles
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Leader: Pericles (of Athens)
Philosophy and the arts flourished
Hoplites and Phalynx established
Established the DELIAN LEAGUE
– An alliance against aggression from common
enemies
– Athens took the money
• Spent on arts and navy
In Philosophy…
• SOCRATES, PLATO, ARISTOTLE
• Believed truth could be discerned through
rational thought and deliberate observation
• Although not always accurate, the process
they went through was revolutionary
Other advances during the Golden
Age…
• Greek architecture
– Ionic, Dorian, Corinthian columns
• Math and Science flourished
– Archimedes, Hippocrates, Euclid, Pythagoras
• But culture did exist before the Golden Age
– Homer
• Wrote the Illiad and The Odessey
Trouble for Athens
• Others aligned with Sparta to form the
Peloponnesian League
• Athens became fearful of Sparta and vice versa
• Trade disputes lead to PELOPONNESIAN WAR
– 431 BCE
• Athens hid behind its great walls since it couldn’t
get to Sparta
– Sparta was inland…Athens had only a good Navy
• Plan worked except for a plague and a defeat of
their navy at Syracuse
Weakened by War
• Sparta did not destroy Athens since it
respected them
• Both weakened
• Conquered by the Macedonians
– Leader: Phillip of Macedon
• 359 BCE to 336 BCE
– Also respected the Greek culture
• Phillip’s son becomes king
– ALEXANDER THE GREAT
• Taught by Aristotle
Alexander the Great
• Conquered the Persian Empire
• Creates largest Empire of the time
– Divided into three empires
• Adopted Greek customs then Culturally
Diffused the ideas
• HELLENISM
– The culture, ideals, and pattern of life of Classical
Greece
– Much of the World had uniform beliefs
Death of Alexander
• Died at 33 years old
• Macedonian empire collapses afterwards
• Rome emerges
Classical Civilizations: ROME
Classical Civilizations: ROME
• 509 BCE to 476 CE
• Good position geographically
– Alps to the north provided protection
– Protected from large scale naval invasion
– Crossroads/easy access to many places
• Polytheistic
– Many gods were Greek but renamed to suit
culture
Social Structure in Rome
• PATRICIANS (land owners) vs. PLEBEIANS (the others)
vs. Slaves
• Patriarchal Society
• Slavery was important
– 1/3 of pop
– Came from conquered territories
• REPRESENTATIVE REPUBLIC
– Senate and Assembly
– Two Consuls elected annually
• Much more stable since you don’t have to vote on
everything
• Code of Laws
– Twelve Tables of Rome
• Innocent until proven guilty
Roman Military Domination
• Carthage was first major enemy (N. Africa)
– PUNIC WARS
• First Punic War
– 264 BCE to 241 BCE
– Rome Won
• Second Punic War
– 218 BCE
– HANNIBAL, Carthaginian General
• Invaded much of the Roman Empire
• Had to return home to defend Carthage and lost their
gains
Roman Military Cont…
• Third Punic War
– Rome started it
– Invaded Carthage… burned it to the ground
• Rome also faught
– Defeating the Macedonians
– Gauls in the north
– Spaniards to the west
• With all this conquering they
– Built road networks, aqueducts, and grew their
Navy
Collapse of the Republic and Rise
of Imperialism
• Problems in Rome
– Large landowners started using more slaves
• Displaced small farmers… they move to cities… causes
overcrowding with not enough jobs
– Roman currency devalued
– Political leaders began fighting
• Power of Senate weakens… leads to
– FIRST TRIUMVIRATE
» Pompey, Crassus, and Julius Caesar
First Triumverate
• Caesar given power over Gaul (France)
– Never invaded Germany
• Caesar’s followers pushed out the other two
– Becomes Emperor for life
– Angry senators assassinate him in 44 BCE
• Second Triumverate emerges
– Octavius, Marc Antony, and Lepidus
• Octavius rose to power
– Becomes “Augustus Caesar”
• ROMAN REPUBLIC OVER… EMPEROR LEADS
THE WAY
Augustus Caesar
• Rome becomes the capital of the Western
World
• 200 years of peace
– PAX ROMANA (Roman Peace)
• Growth of arts and sciences
– Literature
• Virgil’s Aeneid
– Architecture
• Pantheon, Colosseum, Forum
Religious Diversity: New Chiefs of
Beliefs
• Early on it was Paganism
– Made sacrifices to Roman Gods
– Had to worship them in order to show loyalty
• Christianity then emerges
– Grew out of Judaism
– Romans initially OK with it… then see it as a threat
• Roman Emperor NERO persecuted Christians
• Emperor Constantine ends persecution in 313
CE with the EDICT OF MILAN
– 391 CE Christianity becomes official religion
Late Classical Period: Empires
Collapse, and People on the Move
Late Classical Period
• 200-600 CE
• Fall of
– Han China
– Gupta Empire
– Western Roman Empire
– Mayan
Collapse of the Han
• Han dynasty interupted by WANG MANG
– Seized throne by using the MANDATE OF HEAVEN
argument
– Established the XIN DYNASTY (9-23 CE)
• Reforms were unsuccessful… led to revolts
• Han take control after revolts but were never as
powerful… fully lose control in 220 CE
– China divides into regional kingdoms
Collapse of the Gupta Empire
• INVADED by the HUNS (Not Attila’s forces,
they were attacking Europe)… the white huns
– Held them off for a little while but were weakened
– Hinduism and the caste system remained intact
but the empire did not
Collapse of the WESTERN Portion
of the Roman Empire
• Fell due to internal decay, external pressure
(Attila and other groups)
• Empire was just too large to be supported
• Series of bad leaders
• Epidemics
Roman’s cont.
• Diocletian… 284 CE takes over and divides the
Empire into halves ruled by co-emperors
• Civil war erupts after his retirement
• CONSTANTINE comes to power in 322 CE
– Builds Constantinople
• Becomes the new capital of a united Rome after he tries to
take back the lost lands
– He dies and the Empire divides again
• Eastern half thrives (becomes BYZANTINE EMPIRE)… Western
half dies
– Germanic Tribes along borders (VISIGOTHS)
» Were Roman
– Visigoths pushed back by Attila and the Huns… then retreat and sack
Rome
Trade and Cultural Diffusion
• Major Trade routes emerge
– SILK ROAD
• China to Roman Empire
• Pastoral communities feed/trade/shelter the traders
• Disease travels the same routes
• Religion spreads along the same routes
Major Belief Systems Through 600 CE
Outline of things to know
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Polytheism
Confuscianism
Daoism
Legalism
Hinduism
Buddhism
Judaism
Christianity
Polytheism
• Belief in more than one god
• Practiced by almost all except the Hebrews
Confucianism
• 400 BCE – present
• China
• Who was Confucius?
– Born an aristocrat
– His thinking was generally at odds with state
policy
– Attracted followers… they wrote his beliefs in the
ANALECTS
– It is a POLITICAL and SOCIAL philosophy
NOOOOOOOOOT a RELIGION
Confucius cont…
• Focus on 5 relationships and their
obligations/responsibilities
– Ruler and Subject
– Parent and Child
– Husband and Wife
– Older Brother and Younger Brother
– Friend and Friend
Confucius cont…
• Ren- sense of kindness
• Li- sense of respect
• Xiao- FILIAL PIETY
– Respect for family obligations
• Confucianism places the emphasis on the
Individual to act accordingly NOT the
government mandating it
Daoism
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500 BCE and onward
China
AKA Taoism
Lao-Tzu
– Chinese philosopher
– The DAO or the WAY is passive… it accomplishes
everything but does nothing
• Ex. The opening in a pot does nothing but without it
there would be no pot
– You just let things happen… simple life… harmony
with nature
Legalism
• Qin Dynasty (221-209 BCE)
• China
• Maintained that peace and order were
achieved through a centralized, tightly
governed state
• Didn’t trust human nature… needed tough
laws
– Caused widespread dissent
Hinduism
• Indian subcontinent
• Believe in one supreme force… the BRAHMA…
the creator
• Hindu gods are manifestations of Brahma
– Vishnu… the preserver
– Shiva… the DESTROYER…MUHAHAHAHAHA
• Goal: to merge with Brahma
– Cannot be accomplished in one lifetime
Hinduism cont…
• Must follow DHARMA to move up
– The rules and obligations of the caste your born
into
– Determines how you live your next life
• Life, death, rebirth continues until MOKSHA
– Release of the soul to Brahma
• VEDAS and UPANISHADS
– Sources of prayers, verses, and origins of the
universe
Buddhism
• India, China, SE Asia
• Founded: Siddhartha Gautauma
– 563 BCE to 483 BCE
– Rejected his wealth (was a prince)
– Searched for meaning of human suffering
– Meditated under a bodhi tree and reached
enlightenment or Buddha status
Buddhism cont…
• No supreme being in Buddhism
• Follow the FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS
– All life is suffering
– Suffering is caused by desire
– One can be freed of this desire
– One is freed by following the EIGHTFOLD PATH
• Following the path moves you towards NIRVANA
– State of perfect harmony
Judaism
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Hebrews
Monotheistic
Believes God holds them as his select people
Believe if they worshipped him, he would
preserve them for all time
• Believed in free will and the task of humans is
to honor and serve God by following the
TORAH