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AP World History Chapter 2 Classical Civilization China Zhou dynasty • Revolt so fierce that the blood in the streets of the capital was deep enough to float blocks of wood. Zhou Mandate of Heaven • Mandate of heaven – Government receives it right to govern by heaven approval. – The responsibility of people to overthrow governments when ruler loses the approval of the Gods. – Governments lose approval if they are unjust and ineffective. Zhou dynasty:1100-750 B.C. • Zhou (Pronounced like “Joe”) • Zhou acquired most of the Shang Culture and Technology • Last Shang King was said to be a physical giant and monster of depravity among his cruelties was that he made drinking cups of the skulls of his vanquished enemies. • Slaves and Zhou vassals revolted against Shang cruelties. (1050 B.C.) Heaven Commands Me • The Justification of the political change of these tough frontiersman barbarian was that the iniquity of Shang is full “Heaven commands me to destroy it.” Zhou Economic Growth • Iron tools like axes and ox drawn iron plows replaced wooden farm tools. – Made farming better because farmers could produce more food. • First time coin money began to be used. – Made trade better because a merchant could carry money a lot easier then a herd of cows. Zhou Political System • Political system like feudal Europe – Serfdom and Hereditary Lords • Land is endowed for oaths of military service. – Local Lords were culturally and linguistically different. Zhou Destruction • 771 Wei Valley capital of Zhou is sacked – Vassals become rival states. • • • • • Qui in the west Jin in the north Yan to north east Chu to the south Qi to east – No dominant Chinese culture or National identity Class Divisions • A Sharp class division existed between the landowning aristocracy, educated bureaucrats and laboring masses. Warring States 400-225 B.C.E Chaos and War • War becomes larger in scale and more ruthless • Stronger states conquered and absorbed weaker ones. • In response to crisis schools of thought were introduced – Confucianism – Daoism – Legalism Confucianism • Confucianism – People could live together peacefully by recognizing their roles in networks of relationships – The family is an example of how relationships linked people together. Five Great Relationships • Confucianism – The five great relationships are those between • • • • • Ruler and subject Father and son Husband and wife Elder and younger brother Friend and friend Confucianism and Government • Confucianism – Each of the five involved both hierarchy and reciprocity. – In each pair, one role was superior and one, inferior; one role led and the other followed. – Yet each involved mutual obligations and responsibilities. – Failure to properly fulfill one’s role could lead to the abrogation of the relationship Effects of Confucianism • Confucianism – People not fulfilling their roles undermined Zhou regime. – People should engage in learning both to develop his personal moral character and to gain knowledge that is useful in serving others. Daoism • Goal was to live in harmony with nature. • Rejection of conflict and strife. – Stressed yielding. – Water does not resist but yields. • Government the cause of many problems. • Eventually turned into a religion. Legalism • Legalism was introduced by the Qin to gain power and Stability. • Rewards and Punishments to produce conformity to the rule of clear and well developed laws. Legalism (Continued) • Laws were strict, everyone understood their duties and knew the penalties for failing to fulfill them. • Some believed human nature was essentially blank and that people needed careful guidance by strong rulers to live in an orderly way. Qin Dynasty: 221-206 B.C. • Qin with legalism as its ideology succeeded in ending the Warring states era. • Qin defeated all it rivals to unite China • 221 Chu kingdom fell and the King of Qin took the title of Qin shihuangdi or first Emperor. Qin Economics • Qin laid the basis for an enduring imperial order. • Created unified Administrative system – Standardized • • • • Weight & measures system Cart axle width Coinage Writing Qin, Construction • Standardize people’s thoughts – Buried hundreds of scholars alive – Burned books and scholars to eliminate unorthodox ideas. • Imposed Taxes. • Massive Terracotta tomb. Qin,Great Wall • Great wall of China – Protected north steppe boarder – Reportedly 1 million died in the building of the wall Classical Age China Han Dynasty 202 B.C to 220 A.D • Traded with Rome and Indian Empires. • Excepted Confucianism and the Han Dynasty was less cruel. Han, Sciences • History records begin to be kept. – History of the elite. • Math, Science, Geography, and Astronomy. – – – – Sternpost Ruder. Magnetic Compass. Paper from wood pulp. 5th century wood block printing. Han, Medicine • • • • Acupuncture. Figured out the function of internal organs. Figured out the circulation of blood. Metallic and Ceramic luxury items. Han, Art • Silk manufacturing. • Bronze, Jade, and Ceramics used for art. • Poetry. • Landscape art. • Instrumental music. Han, Economics • Canals Built. • Road System. • Markets. – Scales. • Iron. – Plows, Horse harnesses increase horse power. • Fertilizer. – Animal wastes. Han, Government • Functioned through complex Bureaucracy. • Confucius Ideas. • Tests to be in Bureaucracy. – Meritocracy, the best regardless of social class. Han, Foreign Affairs • Groups that were assimilated by China. – White Huns. – Toba. • Developed trade contacts with India. – Trade Commission sent to Rome. – Nothing of interest in Rome. • Diffusion of Buddhism. Han, Problems • • • • Peasant Rebellions. Disloyal Bureaucracy. Over Taxation. Warlords gained more power.