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LECTURE 4.1
LECTURE OUTLINE
Weekly deadlines
 The Chalcolithic and Bronze Ages
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WEEKLY DEADLINES
Name
History 2: From t he Chalcolit hic, through the Iron Age
Lectures
Lecture 4.1 The Chalcolit hic and Bronze Age s
Lecture 4.2 The Iron Age and Monu mental Buil ding
Requi red Book Reading 1
(For the end-of-UNIT qui z)
Part B:
Prologue + Chap ter 4 (from UNIT 3)
Chapters 5, 6, and 7
Animations
Mike Fleck: "MetalWork"
Biographies
Mineral of the Week
Assignments Due This Week
Assignment 3, A Materials Crossword, is due Wedne sday
mi dnight
Prac tice Quiz
Practice qui z que stions are ava il able on ANGEL, in the
Lesson 04 folders.
End of Unit Quiz
Quiz 4 will cons ist of ~ thirt y (30) que stions for a total of
seven ty (70) points. Quizzes are “ind ividua li zed”, bu t wit h
the ques tions taken from a large database.
Material cove red: Book Reading and Anim ations
OUTLINE
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Natural Resources of Egypt
The Melting of Gold
The Smelting of Copper
The Casting of a Bronze Door
The Production of “Egyptian” Faience
NATURAL RESOURCES
AVAILABLE TO EGYPT
Copper from
Cyprus
Wood from
Lebanon
Tin from
Anatolia
Limestone
Memphis
+
+
Lapis Lazuli +
Turquois e from
Afghanis tan
+Timna
Alabas ter
Alabas ter
Thebes
+
+
Copper
Sands tone
Gold
Iron
+
Granite
Diorite
Other resources
Towns
+
Gold from
Nubia
Figure 5.2. Sketch map of ancient Egypt showing natural resources. In addition to the Sinaitic copper ores from e.g.,
Timna, a significant amount of copper was imported from Cyprus. (The Latin name for copper is cuprium; literally, the
Cypriot Metal. Hence the chemical symbol: Cu). The masonry for e.g., pyramid building (limestone, sandstone and
granite) were all within easy reach of the Nile, as was diorite; a hard volcanic rock, used for hammer stones. Alabaster
is a fine-grained gypsum (CaSO 4.2H2O), and was used extensively for carving e.g., amphorae, canopic jars, and
statuettes. Sources for the tin would (most likely) include placer deposits in streambeds, and the tin mines in southern
Anatolia.
TOMB OF REKHMIRE
MELTING GOLD IN THE OLD
KINGDOM. I
MELTING GOLD IN THE OLD
KINGDOM. II
A GOLDSMITH’S SHOP IN THE
NEW KINGDOM. I
A GOLDSMITH’S SHOP IN THE
NEW KINGDOM. II
THE DIFFUSION OF COPPER METALLURGY
THROUGHOUT EUROPE AND THE MIDDLE EAST
2500BC
2500BC
3000BC
4000BC
4000BC
5th M illen ium BC
Rudna
Glava
Rio Tinto
3800BC
Varna
Catal
Huyuk
5th M illen ium BC
4th M illen ium BC
3rd M illen ium BC
4th M illen ium BC
Timna
THE DIFFUSION OF COPPER METALLURGY
THROUGHOUT EUROPE AND THE MIDDLE EAST
Location
Timna (Sinai Peninsula)
Catal Huyuk (Anatolia)
Rudna Glava (Yugoslavia)
Varna (Blac k Sea)
Rio Tinto (Spain)
Date of Earliest Recorded Copp er Smelting
ca. 5000BC
ca. 3500BC
ca. 4000BC
ca. 4500BC
ca. 3500BC
NATIVE COPPER FROM MICHIGAN’S
UPPER PENNINSULA
MALACHITE, A GREEN COPPER
CARBONATE
COPPER SMELTING AT TIMNA IN THE
THIRD MILLENNIUM BC. I
Foot Bellows
Clay Lining
Slag-Pit
Tuyure
Ore +
Fuel +
Flux
Sandstone
Blocks
SMELTING REACTIONS;
COPPER
Cu2(CO3)(OH)2  2CuO + CO2+ H2O
 Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2  3CuO + 2CO2+ H2O
 CuO + CO  Cu + CO2


2Fe2O3 + 2SiO2  2Fe2SiO4 + O2
SMELTING REACTIONS; IRON
AND TIN

Fe2O3 + 3CO  2Fe + 3CO2

SnO2 + 2CO  Sn + 2CO2
COPPER SMELTING AT TIMNA IN THE
THIRD MILLENNIUM BC. II
Molten Slag
Molten
Copper
THE PROCESSING OF BRONZE AND THE
CASTING OF A BRONZE DOOR: I
THE PROCESSING OF BRONZE AND THE
CASTING OF A BRONZE DOOR: II
THE PROCESSING OF BRONZE AND THE
CASTING OF A BRONZE DOOR: III
THE PROCESSING OF BRONZE AND THE
CASTING OF A BRONZE DOOR: IV
THE EFFECT OF ADDING TIN
TO COPPER
THE HARDNESSES OF TIN AND
ARSENICAL BRONZES I
THE HARDNESSES OF TIN AND
ARSENICAL BRONZES II
PROCESSING OF “EGYPTIAN
FAIENCE” I
Lime
(CaO)
Silica-Quartz
(SiO 2)
1-5%
Mix and Shape
with Water
Dry/
Effloresce
Fire at ~
900-1000ÞC
Soda
(Na2 O) 0.3-5%
Figure 5.16. Flow chart for the processing of Egyptian faience. Silica, soda and lime are mixed with water and molded
to the final shape and allowed to dry in the sun. The slow drying process concentrates the soda, lime (and impurities
such as copper oxides) in the surface layers. When the faience is fired at a temperature in excess of 800ÞC, the sodalime-rich outer skin melts, and subsequently forms a glassy surface, (glaze) during cooling.
PROCESSING OF “EGYPTIAN
FAIENCE” I
a)
b)
Figure 5.17. Sketch maps of the spread in the production of glazed stoneware from 3000BC (Figure 5.17a) to 2000BC
(Figure 5.17b). (Adapted from "Technology in the Ancient World". H. Hodges. Barnes and Noble Books. New York,
NY. (1970). I am using the term stoneware rather than faience because Hodges also included e.g., glazed soapstone
(talc) in his definition of faience. The soapstone statuettes would be dipped in a faience glaze, or placed in a container
containing a faience glaze.
“EGYPTIAN
FAIENCE”