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Economic Growth and Westward Expansion Unit 4 Industrial Revolution ► http://www.hulu.com/watch/25218/billy- madison-industrial-revolution-puppy What, When, How Industrial Revolution: transition from manual to power –driven factory labor due to advances in technology Skilled workers were replaced by unskilled or semiskilled labor Before the revolution: economies relied on artisans, merchants, and farmers and products were crafted by hand and more slowly Began in England in the 1700s and eventually spread to the U.S. Eli Whitney and Interchangeable Parts ► ► ► ► Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin, which allowed people to process cotton much faster. In the South, cotton farms expand rapidly, gaining the name “cotton kingdom”. Also led to a greater dependency on slave labor. Whitney also spread the idea of interchangeable parts while building muskets. Each part of the musket was made so that it could be used on any musket. This led many industries to do the same (sewing machines, typewriters) Effects of Industrial Revolution Factories relied on mechanization (the use of machinery). ► Manual labor is replaced, allowing for mass production of resources and goods. ► Many new inventions also developed out of this time period. ► Samuel Slater: Machine manufacturing/opened first American textile mill ► Robert Fulton: Steam Powered Boat ► Samuel Morse: Telegraph ► John Deere: Steel Plow (took less power to pull) ► Cyrus McCormick: Reaper (allowed 1 farmer to do the work of 5) ► Effects Cont. ► ► ► ► ► Sectionalism: refers to the economic, social, cultural, and political differences that exist between different parts of the country. In the North, businesses rely on factories and cheap immigrant labor (Irish Immigrants) In the South, they rely on the plantation system and slavery These economic differences caused strains on the nation that led to bitter disputes The Industrial Revolution helped set the nation on a course of westward expansion and civil war. Inventions and Inventors Industry in the U.S. •Industrialization first began in New England where coal and iron were plentiful •Factories appeared along New England’s waterways Industrial Revolution ► Steam Power - factories began using steam engines ► Steam locomotives and steamships moved people and products across great distances at faster speeds ► Increased efficiency and extent of trade within and between countries Two Economic Systems Develop ► ► ► Farmers put all their efforts into growing cotton due to its value (1840 Cotton made up 52% of U.S. exports) Poor non-slave holding farmers went west to cultivate cotton and aspire to own plantations Increase in cotton production paralleled increase in slave population Westward Growth and Manifest Destiny Manifest Destiny ► Manifest Destiny is the concept that America’s westward expansion was providential, or from a divine inspiration. ► The “obvious fate” of the U.S. was to expand from “sea to shining sea” ► Manifest destiny, the belief that European settlers had the right to own whatever land they claimed, would erode Native American cultures. Homestead Act ► In 1862 President Abraham Lincoln signed the Homestead Act. ► It opened about 270 million acres west of the Mississippi River for unprecedented settlement by offering 160 acres of land to anyone willing to farm it for five years, or purchase it for $1.25 per acre after six months. ► In 1976, the US ended the Homestead Act in the entire nation, except Alaska. It stayed in effect in Alaska until 1986. Missouri Compromise of 1820 When territory’s population reaches 60,000 may apply for statehood ► Missouri applied for statehood as a slave state - Would tilt the balance of power in Congress ► - Slave and free states each had 11 ► Speaker of the House Henry Clay suggested a compromise - Missouri admitted as slave state - Maine admitted as a free state - Banned slavery from the Louisiana Territory north of the parallel 36˚30’ N (Missouri’s southern border) ► Missouri Compromise of 1820 Annexation of Texas ► In 1821 Mexico gained independence and control of Texas. ► The problem was that US settlers had moved into Texas. ► In 1834 General Santa Anna assumed power and tightened Mexico’s grip on Texas. ► Texans, under the leadership of Sam Houston, rebelled against Santa Anna, and on March 2, 1836 declared independence from Mexico. ► Santa Anna answered with military force. The Alamo ► ► ► ► On March 6, 1836, a small group of Texans took a stand against Santa Anna at an old mission(church) called The Alamo. Despite the Texans’ resistance, Santa Anna’s forces were too strong. Every Texan was killed during the resistance, or executed after. Davey Crockett of Tennessee was one. Result of Texas Annexation ► ► ► ► ► After a series of battles, Texans eventually defeated Santa Anna and took him hostage. The Mexican leader promised to recognize Texas independence in return for his freedom. President Andrew Jackson wanted to admit (annex) Texas, but faced Northern opposition. Northerners feared Texas would be admitted as a slave state. They also feared that its large size would be divided into several small slave states giving slave states an advantage in Congress. Texas would remain independent until 1845 when it was admitted by James K. Polk as a slave state. Oregon Territory ► With Texas settled, Polk turned his attention to Oregon. ► In 1827 U.S. and Great Britain reaffirmed their agreement to occupy this territory jointly. ► With many U.S. settlers moving into Oregon, Polk claimed the U.S. had rights up to the 54˚40’ N. ► This led many to promote the slogan “54-40, or fight!”. The Oregon Trail Result of Oregon Territory ► ► ► Britain gave up the territory to remain on friendly terms with the U.S. for the purposes of trade. A treaty was signed drawing the official boundary at the 49th parallel. In 1846 Oregon became a US territory. War with Mexico 1846-48 ► ► ► ► ► Mexico was angry with the US for annexing Texas. President Polk still believed in Manifest Destiny, so he sends General Zachary Taylor to the Texas border. Polk also sends John Slidell to Mexico to settle disputes over the border between Mexico and US, and the purchase of California and New Mexico. The Mexican president refused to meet with Slidell, so Polk sent Taylor into the disputed territory between the Nueces and Rio Grande rivers. Mexican troops crossed the Rio Grande and attacked Taylor’s forces, Polk immediately asked congress to declare war on Mexico. War with Mexico and the Gadsden Purchase ► ► ► ► ► ► Series of U.S. victories February 2, 1848 war officially ended with the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo. Mexico surrendered the New Mexico and California territories to the U.S. 1853 boundary disputes still exist so President Franklin Pierce sent James Gadsden to purchase the land for the Southern Transcontinental Railroad. The U.S. gained parts of presentday New Mexico and Arizona in exchange for $10 million. This completed the vision many had for westward expansion and Manifest Destiny. Mexican War Impact ► Debate over whether new territories should be free or slave ► Wilmot Proviso - Proposed by Pennsylvanian Democrat David Wilmot ► *(Proviso (condition) proposed banning slavery in territory acquired from Mexico ► Was voted down by Congress but exposed the sectional divisions in the country California ► ► ► ► ► In 1848, settlers discovered gold in California. The following year, gold seekers came from all over the world as part of the Gold Rush of 1849, and came to be known as “49ers” Population growth led to a need for a stable government in California. When congress didn’t make a decision on how to admit the state (free or slave), California adopted it’s own constitution. Finally with the Compromise of 1850, Congress admitted California as a free state on September 9, 1850. COMPROMISE OF 1850 THE U.S. GAINED NEW TERRITORY AFTER THE WAR WITH MEXICO WHICH REIGNITED THE BATTLE OVER THE NUMBER OF SLAVE AND FREE STATES. CALIFORNIA WAS ALLOWED TO ENTER INTO THE UNION AS A FREE STATE WHICH UPSET THE BALANCE OF FREE AND SLAVE STATES. IN EXCHANGE THE SOUTH GOT THE FUGITIVE SLAVE ACT WHICH REQUIRED RUNAWAY SLAVES TO BE RETURNED TO THEIR MASTERS IN THE SOUTH. CALHOUN WEBSTER SCOTT CLAY FILLMORE DRAWING OF THE MAJOR FIGURES INVOLVED WITH THE COMPROMISE OF 1850. THIS EVENT DEMONSTRATED HOW CLOSE THE UNION WAS TO SEPARATION. 28 Compromise of 1850 California entered the Union as free state ► Rest of the Mexican Cession was divided into the territories of Utah and New Mexico ► Popular sovereignty policy (will of majority) – people living there would vote whether or not to allow slavery ► Slave trade was abolished in Washington D.C., but slavery was still permitted. ► Fugitive Slave Law Reform Movements in the United States Temperance, Abolition, Women’s Rights and Education Temperance Movement ► People in the United States began to look to the government for guidance. ► One area they looked to was temperance, or the belief that people should limit or eliminate the use of alcoholic beverages. ► This idea was especially popular with women. They felt that excessive use of alcohol was partly the blame for family violence, crime, and poverty. ► Many states pass laws that ban alcohol (Prohibition), 1919 Congress passed the Volstead Act and ratified the 18th Amendment (which was later overturned by the 21st Amendment). Abolition Movement ► Slavery had been an issue since the creation of the United States, especially between the Northern and Southern states ► George Washington and Marquis de Lafayette had debated abolition (the end of slavery) during Washington’s presidency. Lafayette questioned how a man of Washington’s integrity could own slaves. ► The Second Great Awakening occurred in the 1820’s and helped spark an abolitionist movement. Abolitionists Speak Out ► Americans began feeling that slavery was wrong and went against Christianity and the principles upon which the nation was founded ► Abolitionists – Group of reformers who wanted to abolish slavery, included African Americans, whites, men, and women ► Proslavery arguments: was a necessary part of life in the South, slaves were treated well and lived better lives than factory workers in the North, and whites could provide better lives for slaves than free blacks could for themselves Abolitionists Speak Out ► Frederick Douglass – Former slave who escaped from Maryland and educated himself - Lectured about his experience as a slave - started newspaper North Star Abolition Cont. ► ► ► ► ► ► In 1831, William Lloyd Garrison published the Liberator, a proabolition newspaper. More abolition papers would be sent out throughout the North. The American Anti-Slavery Society denounced slavery as a sin and was instrumental in the movement to abolish slavery. Speakers such as Frederick Douglass, Wendell Philips, and Lucy Stone helped further the case of the North. Abolitionists also helped those enslaved escape to the North. Slavery would be abolished after the Civil War w/ the 13th Amendment. Grimke Sisters From a prominent slave holding family who lectured about the evils of slavery they had seen growing up on a plantation ► Public careers began when Garrison published a letter from Angelina in his paper ► Nat Turner’s Rebellion ► ► ► ► 1831 -Nat Turner a slave, as well as a preacher, organized a revolt in Virginia Believed he had a divine mission to deliver his people from slavery 160 people were killed (both black and white) Results: the few abolitionist societies that existed in the South came to an end Slave codes (laws restricting activities of slaves) were made tighter and strictly enforced Turner and 19 others were hanged for their role Slaves no longer allowed to become ministers ABOLITIONISTS HAD NUMEROUS MEETINGS AND “ANTI-SLAVERY FAIRS” 40 Public Schools ► ► ► ► Horace Mann was a 19th century reformer who believed in temperance, abolition, women’s rights, and the reform of mental institutions. Mann created public schools that were state funded and mandatory. He felt that too much local control of the schools meant unsatisfactory education, especially in rural areas. Horace Mann also helped establish the first state-run teacher training program. Changes in Education ► Many believed education was necessary for democracy ► Horace Mann established a state board of education in Massachusetts ► 1850 – Many northern states had elementary schools paid for by public taxes Women’s Rights Movements Women’s Rights/Seneca Falls Convention ► ► ► ► ► ► Until 1920, most women in the United States did not have suffrage (the right to vote). Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott organized a large assembly in Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848. Stanton and Mott were inspired to organize when Mott was denied a seat at an antislavery meeting in London. Over 200 people attended the convention, including Frederick Douglass. They voted on and approved the Declaration of Sentiments, calling for equal rights in education, property rights, and voting. Susan B. Anthony was also a supporter of both Temperance and Women’s Suffrage. Declaration of Sentiments, 1848 ► He has never permitted her to exercise her inalienable right to the elective franchise. ► He has withheld her from her rights which are given to the most ignorant and degraded men – both natives and foreigners. ► He has made her, if married, in the eye of the law, civilly dead. ► He has taken from her all right to property, even to the wages she earns Jacksonian Democracy Expanding Suffrage, Popular Political Culture, American Nationalism Andrew Jackson “Old Hickory” ► Jackson was born into a poor, uneducated family, known for dueling and fighting ► Was a hero during War of 1812 at the Battle of New Orleans ► During his political career Jackson was seen as a supporter for the “common man”. ► Jackson was also very popular with western frontier settlers (due to his belief in Manifest Destiny). ► Jackson decided to use his popularity to run for President in 1824. A “Corrupt Bargain” 1824 ► ► ► ► The election of 1824 proved the sectional differences in the United States. The presidential election was divided up among candidates from the North (John Q. Adams), the South (William Crawford of Georgia), and the West (Andrew Jackson and Henry Clay). The final election came down between John Q. Adams and Andrew Jackson. The vote went to the House of Representatives where Henry Clay used his vote to elect Adams. ► ► ► Jackson and his followers soon protested when it was learned that Clay would be named Secretary of State. Jackson denounced it calling it a “corrupt bargain” made to give Adams the presidency. Four years later, Jackson would defeat Adams to become the 7th President, and would change the structure of politics in the United States. Members of Corrupt Bargain versus Andrew Jackson John Q. Adams Jackson’s Presidency ► ► ► ► ► First President from the West, first nominated at formal party convention (in 1832), second w/o a college education Jackson’s politics lead to a new brand of politics called Jacksonian Democracy . He believed strongly in western expansion and the rights of white frontier settlers. Jackson resented politicians who favored the upper class and passed laws to help the wealthy over small land owners. Jackson favored Universal Suffrage: that all white men should be free to vote, not just those who owned land. Indian Removal Act In 1830, Congress passed the Indian Removal Act. ► Federal government established the Indian Territory Oklahoma, planned removal of Native Americans living east of the Mississippi, set aside funds for housing, supplies, and farming tools. ► President Andrew Jackson forced the relocation of more than 100,000 Native Americans ► Trail of Tears Jackson refused to recognize Supreme Court’s decision Worcester v. Georgia which protected Cherokee land ► Instead felt obligation to “rescue this much injured race” ► Their march west to Oklahoma became known as the Trail of Tears because many suffered and died along the way. ► ► Opened up lands in GA and AL for white settlers Jacksonian Democracy With Jackson’s support many states dropped the property requirement for voting ► Expanding suffrage allows “common men” like Jackson to win public office. ► However, Jackson did not attempt to extend the right to vote to women, blacks, or Native Americans. ► Jackson felt the President/ Executive should have more power and say than Congress. ► When South Carolina threatened to secede (leave the union) over high tariffs and states rights, Jackson passed the Force Bill (allowed Jackson to use the military to enforce laws) ► Defied the Supreme Court by removing Cherokee from their lands in Georgia (Worcester v. Georgia) ► Jackson used his power to close the second national bank ► Spoils System ► Jackson’s Presidency ► ► ► ► ► Tariff of Abominations Southerners disliked because they were heavy consumers of manufactured goods “Yankee tariff” that discriminated against them Led to a proposal to nullify the tariff by South Carolina and threat of secession Compromise Tariff of 1833 and Force Bill ► ► ► ► ► Bank War Banks were privately owned and controlled by investors Bank of the US controlled the economy (Pres. – Nicholas Biddle) Renewal of bank charter became an election issue (by Henry Clay) Jackson declared it unconstitutional (even though Supreme Court disagreed) Spoils System ► Once in office Jackson instituted a policy of rewarding his political supporters with government positions - known as the spoils system. ► Jackson felt that this was a great way to encourage common people to become politically involved and ensure the wealthy did not dominate government (but it ultimately led to corruption and a call for reform later). ► This helped to create the two-party system by cementing party loyalty over anything else The Two-Party System ► Differences between politicians eventually led to the development of different political parties. ► Jackson’s group took the name Democrat, while his opponents took on the name “National Republicans”. ► Many National Republicans later formed the Whig Party (Opposed King George during the Revolution & accused Jackson of acting like “King Andrew”) and the Anti-Masonic party “King Andrew” Jackson’s ► Jackson v. Henry Clay ► For 1st time third party enters (Anti-Masonic party) was also an anti-Jackson party ► Adopted formal platforms and positions on issues ► Jackson easily defeated Clay nd 2 Term Effect of Two-Party System (Elections of 1832 and 1836) ► With the end of Jackson’s term and the election of 1836, modern politics began to take form. ► Martin Van Buren’s presidential campaign gave birth to the common expression “O.K.”, which stood for Old Kinderhook (his nickname). ► Enemies in the Whig party said it stood for the Democrat (or uneducated) way of approving government documents with the initials “o.k.”, meaning “oll korrect” (Jackson’s way of spelling all correct). ► Start of candidate bashing, slander, and campaigning from platforms. States’ Rights ► Debate: whether central government could legislate against the political will of citizens of individual states ► 1828, Congress passed a high tariff (“tariff of abominations”) on European goods ► Southern states viewed it as a threat to their economy because they sent much of their cotton to Europe ► VP John C. Calhoun argued southern states had a right to nullify (cancel) the legislation Nullification Crisis ► South Carolina passed the Ordinance of Nullification declaring the federal legislation illegal and threatened to secede ► Henry Clay proposed a compromise - Tariffs would be lowered over a ten-year period - South Carolina stayed in the Union ► Increased tensions between North and South Differences by mid 1800’s ► North - More industries - Larger cities - Better Transportation and communication (Railroads & telegraph) - More wealth - Immigrants became industrial workers & feared expansion of slavery - Larger population (gave north control of House of Representatives) ► South - Remained rural (Plantations & Small farms) - Economy relied on cash crops (Cotton) - manufactured under 10% of U.S. goods - Few immigrants (enslaved African Americans met labor needs - In 3 states, Blacks were majority - Whites fear restriction of slavery would change society & economy