Download Growth and Industry - Cherokee County Schools

Economic Growth and
Westward Expansion
Unit 4
Industrial Revolution
► http://www.hulu.com/watch/25218/billy-
madison-industrial-revolution-puppy
What, When, How
Industrial Revolution: transition from manual
to power –driven factory labor due to advances in
technology
 Skilled workers were replaced by unskilled or
semiskilled labor
 Before the revolution: economies relied on
artisans, merchants, and farmers and products
were crafted by hand and more slowly
 Began in England in the 1700s and eventually
spread to the U.S.

Eli Whitney and Interchangeable
Parts
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Eli Whitney invented the
cotton gin, which allowed
people to process cotton much
faster.
In the South, cotton farms
expand rapidly, gaining the
name “cotton kingdom”. Also
led to a greater dependency on
slave labor.
Whitney also spread the idea of
interchangeable parts while
building muskets.
Each part of the musket was
made so that it could be used
on any musket. This led many
industries to do the same
(sewing machines, typewriters)
Effects of Industrial Revolution
Factories relied on mechanization (the use of
machinery).
► Manual labor is replaced, allowing for mass production
of resources and goods.
► Many new inventions also developed out of this time
period.
► Samuel Slater: Machine manufacturing/opened first
American textile mill
► Robert Fulton: Steam Powered Boat
► Samuel Morse: Telegraph
► John Deere:
Steel Plow (took less power to pull)
► Cyrus McCormick: Reaper (allowed 1 farmer to do the
work of 5)
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Effects Cont.
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Sectionalism: refers to the economic, social, cultural,
and political differences that exist between different parts
of the country.
In the North, businesses rely on factories and cheap
immigrant labor (Irish Immigrants)
In the South, they rely on the plantation system and
slavery
These economic differences caused strains on the nation
that led to bitter disputes
The Industrial Revolution helped set the nation on a course
of westward expansion and civil war.
Inventions and
Inventors
Industry in the
U.S.
•Industrialization
first began in New
England where coal
and iron were
plentiful
•Factories appeared
along New England’s
waterways
Industrial Revolution
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Steam Power - factories
began using steam
engines
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Steam locomotives and
steamships moved people
and products across great
distances at faster speeds
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Increased efficiency and
extent of trade within and
between countries
Two Economic Systems Develop
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Farmers put all their
efforts into growing cotton
due to its value (1840
Cotton made up 52% of
U.S. exports)
Poor non-slave holding
farmers went west to
cultivate cotton and aspire
to own plantations
Increase in cotton
production paralleled
increase in slave
population
Westward Growth and
Manifest Destiny
Manifest Destiny
► Manifest
Destiny is the concept that
America’s westward expansion was
providential, or from a divine inspiration.
► The “obvious fate” of the U.S. was to
expand from “sea to shining sea”
► Manifest destiny, the belief that European
settlers had the right to own whatever land
they claimed, would erode Native American
cultures.
Homestead Act
► In
1862 President Abraham Lincoln signed the
Homestead Act.
► It opened about 270 million acres west of the
Mississippi River for unprecedented settlement by
offering 160 acres of land to anyone willing to
farm it for five years, or purchase it for $1.25 per
acre after six months.
► In 1976, the US ended the Homestead Act in the
entire nation, except Alaska. It stayed in effect in
Alaska until 1986.
Missouri Compromise of 1820
When territory’s population reaches 60,000 may apply for
statehood
► Missouri applied for statehood as a slave state
- Would tilt the balance of power in Congress
► - Slave and free states each had 11
► Speaker of the House Henry Clay suggested a
compromise
- Missouri admitted as slave state
- Maine admitted as a free state
- Banned slavery from the Louisiana Territory north
of the parallel 36˚30’ N
(Missouri’s southern border)
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Missouri Compromise of
1820
Annexation of Texas
► In
1821 Mexico gained independence and control
of Texas.
► The problem was that US settlers had moved into
Texas.
► In 1834 General Santa Anna assumed power and
tightened Mexico’s grip on Texas.
► Texans, under the leadership of Sam Houston,
rebelled against Santa Anna, and on March 2,
1836 declared independence from Mexico.
► Santa Anna answered with military force.
The Alamo
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On March 6, 1836, a small
group of Texans took a
stand against Santa Anna
at an old mission(church)
called The Alamo.
Despite the Texans’
resistance, Santa Anna’s
forces were too strong.
Every Texan was killed
during the resistance, or
executed after.
Davey Crockett of
Tennessee was one.
Result of Texas Annexation
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After a series of battles, Texans eventually defeated Santa
Anna and took him hostage.
The Mexican leader promised to recognize Texas
independence in return for his freedom.
President Andrew Jackson wanted to admit (annex) Texas,
but faced Northern opposition.
Northerners feared Texas would be admitted as a slave
state. They also feared that its large size would be divided
into several small slave states giving slave states an
advantage in Congress.
Texas would remain independent until 1845 when it was
admitted by James K. Polk as a slave state.
Oregon Territory
► With
Texas settled, Polk turned his attention
to Oregon.
► In 1827 U.S. and Great Britain reaffirmed
their agreement to occupy this territory
jointly.
► With many U.S. settlers moving into
Oregon, Polk claimed the U.S. had rights up
to the 54˚40’ N.
► This led many to promote the slogan
“54-40, or fight!”.
The Oregon Trail
Result of Oregon Territory
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Britain gave up the
territory to remain on
friendly terms with the
U.S. for the purposes of
trade.
A treaty was signed
drawing the official
boundary at the 49th
parallel.
In 1846 Oregon became a
US territory.
War with Mexico 1846-48
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Mexico was angry with the US for annexing Texas.
President Polk still believed in Manifest Destiny, so he
sends General Zachary Taylor to the Texas border.
Polk also sends John Slidell to Mexico to settle disputes
over the border between Mexico and US, and the purchase
of California and New Mexico.
The Mexican president refused to meet with Slidell, so Polk
sent Taylor into the disputed territory between the Nueces
and Rio Grande rivers.
Mexican troops crossed the Rio Grande and attacked
Taylor’s forces, Polk immediately asked congress to declare
war on Mexico.
War with Mexico and the
Gadsden Purchase
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Series of U.S. victories
February 2, 1848 war officially
ended with the Treaty of
Guadalupe-Hidalgo.
Mexico surrendered the New
Mexico and California territories
to the U.S.
1853 boundary disputes still exist so
President Franklin Pierce sent
James Gadsden to purchase the
land for the Southern
Transcontinental Railroad.
The U.S. gained parts of presentday New Mexico and Arizona in
exchange for $10 million.
This completed the vision many had
for westward expansion and
Manifest Destiny.
Mexican War Impact
► Debate
over whether new territories should
be free or slave
► Wilmot Proviso - Proposed by
Pennsylvanian Democrat David Wilmot
► *(Proviso (condition) proposed banning
slavery in territory acquired from Mexico
► Was voted down by Congress but exposed
the sectional divisions in the country
California
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In 1848, settlers discovered gold in California.
The following year, gold seekers came from all over the
world as part of the Gold Rush of 1849, and came to be
known as “49ers”
Population growth led to a need for a stable government in
California.
When congress didn’t make a decision on how to admit the
state (free or slave), California adopted it’s own
constitution.
Finally with the Compromise of 1850, Congress admitted
California as a free state on September 9, 1850.
COMPROMISE OF 1850
THE U.S. GAINED NEW
TERRITORY AFTER THE WAR
WITH MEXICO WHICH
REIGNITED THE BATTLE
OVER THE NUMBER OF
SLAVE AND FREE STATES.
CALIFORNIA WAS
ALLOWED TO ENTER INTO
THE UNION AS A FREE
STATE WHICH UPSET THE
BALANCE OF FREE AND
SLAVE STATES.
IN EXCHANGE THE SOUTH
GOT THE FUGITIVE SLAVE
ACT WHICH REQUIRED
RUNAWAY SLAVES TO BE
RETURNED TO THEIR
MASTERS IN THE SOUTH.
CALHOUN
WEBSTER
SCOTT
CLAY
FILLMORE
DRAWING OF THE MAJOR FIGURES INVOLVED WITH
THE COMPROMISE OF 1850. THIS EVENT
DEMONSTRATED HOW CLOSE THE UNION WAS TO
SEPARATION.
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Compromise of 1850
California entered the Union
as free state
► Rest of the Mexican
Cession was divided into the
territories of Utah and New
Mexico
► Popular sovereignty
policy (will of majority) –
people living there would
vote whether or not to allow
slavery
► Slave trade was abolished
in Washington D.C., but
slavery was still permitted.
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Fugitive Slave Law
Reform Movements in
the United States
Temperance, Abolition, Women’s
Rights and Education
Temperance Movement
► People
in the United States began to look to the
government for guidance.
► One area they looked to was temperance, or the
belief that people should limit or eliminate the use
of alcoholic beverages.
► This idea was especially popular with women.
They felt that excessive use of alcohol was partly
the blame for family violence, crime, and poverty.
► Many states pass laws that ban alcohol
(Prohibition), 1919 Congress passed the
Volstead Act and ratified the 18th Amendment
(which was later overturned by the 21st
Amendment).
Abolition Movement
► Slavery
had been an issue since the creation of
the United States, especially between the Northern
and Southern states
► George Washington and Marquis de Lafayette had
debated abolition (the end of slavery) during
Washington’s presidency. Lafayette questioned
how a man of Washington’s integrity could own
slaves.
► The Second Great Awakening occurred in the
1820’s and helped spark an abolitionist movement.
Abolitionists Speak Out
► Americans
began feeling that slavery was wrong
and went against Christianity and the principles
upon which the nation was founded
► Abolitionists – Group of reformers who wanted
to abolish slavery, included African Americans,
whites, men, and women
► Proslavery arguments: was a necessary part of
life in the South, slaves were treated well and
lived better lives than factory workers in the
North, and whites could provide better lives for
slaves than free blacks could for themselves
Abolitionists Speak Out
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Frederick Douglass –
Former slave who
escaped from Maryland
and educated himself
- Lectured about his
experience as a slave
- started newspaper
North Star
Abolition Cont.
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In 1831, William Lloyd Garrison
published the Liberator, a proabolition newspaper.
More abolition papers would be
sent out throughout the North.
The American Anti-Slavery Society
denounced slavery as a sin and was
instrumental in the movement to
abolish slavery.
Speakers such as Frederick
Douglass, Wendell Philips, and
Lucy Stone helped further the
case of the North.
Abolitionists also helped those
enslaved escape to the North.
Slavery would be abolished after
the Civil War w/ the 13th
Amendment.
Grimke Sisters
From a prominent slave
holding family who
lectured about the evils
of slavery they had seen
growing up on a
plantation
► Public careers began
when Garrison
published a letter
from Angelina in his
paper
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Nat Turner’s Rebellion
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1831 -Nat Turner a slave, as well as a preacher,
organized a revolt in Virginia
Believed he had a divine mission to deliver his people
from slavery
160 people were killed (both black and white)
Results:
 the few abolitionist societies that existed in the
South came to an end
 Slave codes (laws restricting activities of slaves) were
made tighter and strictly enforced
 Turner and 19 others were hanged for their role
 Slaves no longer allowed to become ministers
ABOLITIONISTS HAD NUMEROUS MEETINGS AND “ANTI-SLAVERY FAIRS”
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Public Schools
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Horace Mann was a 19th
century reformer who believed
in temperance, abolition,
women’s rights, and the reform
of mental institutions.
Mann created public schools
that were state funded and
mandatory.
He felt that too much local
control of the schools meant
unsatisfactory education,
especially in rural areas.
Horace Mann also helped
establish the first state-run
teacher training program.
Changes in Education
► Many
believed education was necessary for
democracy
► Horace Mann established a state board of
education in Massachusetts
► 1850 – Many northern states had elementary
schools paid for by public taxes
Women’s Rights
Movements
Women’s Rights/Seneca Falls
Convention
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Until 1920, most women in the United States did not have
suffrage (the right to vote).
Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott organized a
large assembly in Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848.
Stanton and Mott were inspired to organize when Mott was
denied a seat at an antislavery meeting in London.
Over 200 people attended the convention, including
Frederick Douglass.
They voted on and approved the Declaration of
Sentiments, calling for equal rights in education, property
rights, and voting.
Susan B. Anthony was also a supporter of both
Temperance and Women’s Suffrage.
Declaration of Sentiments, 1848
► He
has never permitted her to exercise her
inalienable right to the elective franchise.
► He has withheld her from her rights which are
given to the most ignorant and degraded men –
both natives and foreigners.
► He has made her, if married, in the eye of the law,
civilly dead.
► He has taken from her all right to property, even
to the wages she earns
Jacksonian Democracy
Expanding Suffrage, Popular
Political Culture, American
Nationalism
Andrew Jackson “Old Hickory”
► Jackson
was born into a poor, uneducated family,
known for dueling and fighting
► Was a hero during War of 1812 at the Battle of
New Orleans
► During his political career Jackson was seen as a
supporter for the “common man”.
► Jackson was also very popular with western
frontier settlers (due to his belief in Manifest
Destiny).
► Jackson decided to use his popularity to run for
President in 1824.
A “Corrupt Bargain” 1824
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The election of 1824 proved the
sectional differences in the
United States.
The presidential election was
divided up among candidates
from the North (John Q.
Adams), the South (William
Crawford of Georgia), and the
West (Andrew Jackson and
Henry Clay).
The final election came down
between John Q. Adams and
Andrew Jackson.
The vote went to the House of
Representatives where Henry
Clay used his vote to elect
Adams.
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Jackson and his followers soon
protested when it was learned
that Clay would be named
Secretary of State.
Jackson denounced it calling it a
“corrupt bargain” made to
give Adams the presidency.
Four years later, Jackson would
defeat Adams to become the 7th
President, and would change
the structure of politics in the
United States.
Members of Corrupt Bargain
versus
Andrew Jackson
John Q. Adams
Jackson’s Presidency
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First President from the West, first nominated at formal
party convention (in 1832), second w/o a college education
Jackson’s politics lead to a new brand of politics called
Jacksonian Democracy .
He believed strongly in western expansion and the
rights of white frontier settlers.
Jackson resented politicians who favored the upper
class and passed laws to help the wealthy over small land
owners.
Jackson favored Universal Suffrage: that all white
men should be free to vote, not just those who owned
land.
Indian Removal Act
In 1830, Congress passed
the Indian Removal Act.
► Federal government
established the Indian
Territory Oklahoma,
planned removal of Native
Americans living east of the
Mississippi, set aside funds
for housing, supplies, and
farming tools.
► President Andrew Jackson
forced the relocation of more
than 100,000 Native
Americans
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Trail of Tears
Jackson refused to
recognize Supreme Court’s
decision Worcester v.
Georgia which protected
Cherokee land
► Instead felt obligation to
“rescue this much injured
race”
► Their march west to
Oklahoma became known
as the Trail of Tears
because many suffered
and died along the way.
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Opened up lands in GA
and AL for white settlers
Jacksonian Democracy
With Jackson’s support
many states dropped the
property requirement for
voting
► Expanding suffrage allows
“common men” like
Jackson to win public office.
► However, Jackson did not
attempt to extend the right
to vote to women, blacks, or
Native Americans.
► Jackson felt the President/
Executive should have
more power and say than
Congress.
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When South Carolina
threatened to secede (leave
the union) over high tariffs
and states rights, Jackson
passed the Force Bill
(allowed Jackson to use the
military to enforce laws)
► Defied the Supreme Court
by removing Cherokee from
their lands in Georgia
(Worcester v. Georgia)
► Jackson used his power to
close the second national
bank
► Spoils System
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Jackson’s Presidency
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Tariff of Abominations
Southerners disliked
because they were heavy
consumers of
manufactured goods
“Yankee tariff” that
discriminated against them
Led to a proposal to
nullify the tariff by South
Carolina and threat of
secession
Compromise Tariff of 1833
and Force Bill
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Bank War
Banks were privately owned
and controlled by investors
Bank of the US controlled the
economy (Pres. – Nicholas
Biddle)
Renewal of bank charter
became an election issue (by
Henry Clay)
Jackson declared it
unconstitutional (even
though Supreme Court
disagreed)
Spoils System
► Once
in office Jackson instituted a policy of
rewarding his political supporters with government
positions - known as the spoils system.
► Jackson felt that this was a great way to
encourage common people to become
politically involved and ensure the wealthy did
not dominate government (but it ultimately led to
corruption and a call for reform later).
► This helped to create the two-party system
by cementing party loyalty over anything
else
The Two-Party System
► Differences
between politicians eventually led to
the development of different political parties.
► Jackson’s group took the name Democrat, while
his opponents took on the name “National
Republicans”.
► Many National Republicans later formed the
Whig Party (Opposed King George during the
Revolution & accused Jackson of acting like “King
Andrew”) and the Anti-Masonic party
“King Andrew”
Jackson’s
► Jackson
v. Henry Clay
► For 1st time third party
enters (Anti-Masonic
party) was also an
anti-Jackson party
► Adopted formal
platforms and positions
on issues
► Jackson easily
defeated Clay
nd
2
Term
Effect of Two-Party System
(Elections of 1832 and 1836)
► With
the end of Jackson’s term and the election of
1836, modern politics began to take form.
► Martin Van Buren’s presidential campaign gave
birth to the common expression “O.K.”, which
stood for Old Kinderhook (his nickname).
► Enemies in the Whig party said it stood for the
Democrat (or uneducated) way of approving
government documents with the initials “o.k.”,
meaning “oll korrect” (Jackson’s way of spelling all
correct).
► Start of candidate bashing, slander, and
campaigning from platforms.
States’ Rights
► Debate:
whether central government could
legislate against the political will of citizens of
individual states
► 1828, Congress passed a high tariff (“tariff of
abominations”) on European goods
► Southern states viewed it as a threat to their
economy because they sent much of their cotton
to Europe
► VP John C. Calhoun argued southern states had a
right to nullify (cancel) the legislation
Nullification Crisis
► South
Carolina passed the Ordinance of
Nullification declaring the federal legislation illegal
and threatened to secede
► Henry Clay proposed a compromise
- Tariffs would be lowered over a ten-year period
- South Carolina stayed in the Union
► Increased tensions between North and South
Differences by mid 1800’s
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North
- More industries
- Larger cities
- Better Transportation and
communication (Railroads &
telegraph)
- More wealth
- Immigrants became
industrial workers & feared
expansion of slavery
- Larger population (gave north
control of House of
Representatives)
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South
- Remained rural (Plantations &
Small farms)
- Economy relied on cash crops
(Cotton)
- manufactured under 10% of
U.S. goods
- Few immigrants (enslaved
African Americans met labor
needs
- In 3 states, Blacks were
majority
- Whites fear restriction of
slavery would change
society & economy