Download CHRONOLOGY - Humble Independent School District

DISCOVERY OF
AMERICA TO
1763: THE
AMERICAN
COLONIES
What were some of the common
characteristics of the natives when
Columbus and subsequent
Europeans arrived in the Americas?
• It is very hard to say because preColumbian America was such a
diverse set of cultures, languages,
and tribes. Thus, the political and
linguistic differences of natives
HURT their ability to unite in
opposition to the Europeans.
What was the Columbian
Exchange?
• It was the movement of plants and
animals and foods between
Europe, Asia, Africa, and North
America and South America after
1492, when Columbus discovered
the continent.
What was the Great
Awakening and its
significance?
• The Great Awakening was a series of
religious revivals which occurred in the
American colonies in the 1730s and
1740s. The movement led to increased
church attendance, the founding of
American universities like Brown, and,
some scholars think, a decline in
respect for traditional authority,
specifically England.
What was the Halfway
Covenant and its
significance?
• The Halfway Covenant was adopted
in 1662 by the Puritans, in response
to declining church attendance. It
allowed for the baptism of children
of baptized, but unconverted
Puritans, in an attempt to shore up
church membership. It signaled, to a
degree, the beginning of Puritan
decline.
What was the effect of
indentured labor used in
the colonial period?
• Indentured servants had their
transportation to the New World
paid for, and in return they
agreed to work for a period of
time (2-7 years) under contract.
Indentured servitude enabled
poor people to seek opportunity
in America.
Why were Harvard and
Yale founded?
• Harvard was the first university
founded in America. It was
established in 1636 and its
stated goal was to train
ministers in the Christian
religion. Yale and other
universities were founded for
similar reasons.
Settling the colonies what was the purpose?
• New England - religious
freedom and Puritan example
• Middle – most were royal
charters or proprietorships and
thus were to make money
• Southern – were royal charters
or joint stock companies – also
to make money
Describe the status of
women in the colonial era.
• Generally they were not equal
to men. They lost control of
their property, for example,
upon marrying. Still, they were
probably as free, if not more so,
than anywhere else in the
western world in the 18th
century.
Describe the status of
slavery in the American
colonies.
• It existed in ALL thirteen
colonies, although it became
more important in the south.
Slavery did not increase rapidly
until after 1650 and on into the
18th century. Before then,
colonists primarily relied on
indentured servitude to solve
labor shortage problems.
What did settlers in Virginia and
Massachusetts have in common
in the 17th century?
• To some extent both colonies
were supposed to make a profit
for the investors, although this
was perhaps more true for Virginia
than Massachusetts. They also
had continuing conflicts with
Native Americans, high mortality
rates, problems with starvation,
and disease.
What was the Puritan idea of
the covenant? God/Church and
Government/Governed?
• Puritans believed that there was a
covenant between themselves and God.
If they obeyed Him and His laws, they
would be rewarded and prosper.
Similarly, they thought that was a
covenant between the governed and
their government. The governed had a
responsibility to obey the government,
while the government had a
responsibility to care for its citizens or
community.
Why did religious
toleration develop in the
American colonies?
• Partly it developed as a result of the
Great Awakening, which resulted in
the strengthening of several new
denominations in the colonies. But,
religious toleration also developed
because no single group or church
could dominate throughout the
thirteen colonies.
Describe political theory in the
colonies and what did it have to do
with the concept of “deference”
and aristocracy, democracy and
monarchy?
• The colonists thought the ideal
government was a mixture which
contained elements of aristocracy,
democracy, and monarchy. They glue
that held this all together, they
believed, was popular sovereignty, or
the idea that the people had the final
authority or say in all matters.
What was the major purpose of
England’s mercantilist policy
towards the colonies?
• Mercantilism was the economic
philosophy that colonies should
provide the mother country with raw
materials and a market for surplus
products. Thus, the purpose of the
American colonies was TO
INCREASE ENGLAND’S PROSPERITY.
What was salutary neglect
and what was its impact in
the colonies?
• Salutary neglect was the
English “policy” of winking at
colonial smuggling and bribery
to acquire needed products
from countries other than
England. When England cracked
down on this after 1763
colonists were angry, upset.
THE
REVOLUTIONARY
ERA
What were the results of
the French and Indian War?
• The French and Indian War may be the
most consequential war in American
history. Its results included the following:
• 1. France lost Canada and virtually all her
North American holdings.
• 2. Great Britain incurred high war costs
and consequently, more debt.
• 3. Great Britain saw a need to tighten its
administrative system in the Empire.
• 4. Great Britain was going to take a
greater role in the American colonies and
even declared it would reinvigorate its
mercantile system.
What was the Proclamation of
1763?
• The Proclamation of 1763 set a
boundary along the crest of the
Appalachian Mountains beyond
which the English colonists (e.g.
Americans) were forbidden to settle.
It was an attempt by Parliament to
forestall problems with NativeAmericans and the colonists. It
failed, as the colonists were upset
over the prohibition and moved west
anyway.
Why was the Stamp Act crisis
so important? What was the
primary purpose of the Stamp
Act?
• The primary purpose of the Stamp
Act was to raise revenues to support
the stationing of British troops in
North America. Patriot leaders felt
the act denied them their British
birthrights. The Stamp Act crisis
was the first of a series of crises
between England and its colonies
that eventually led to war.
Define virtual representation
and “no taxation without
representation”.
• Virtual Representation was the idea
that Parliament represented all
people in the empire, whether or not
they had specific representatives
was irrelevant.
• “No taxation” was the cry of
colonists after the Stamp Act that
only their colonial assemblies should
be able to tax them, since they had
no representatives in Parliament.
Describe the violence used in the
Boston Tea Party, Shay’s Rebellion
and the Whiskey Rebellion?
• Generally, the violence was
directed at “outsiders”, or those
who represented the distant
authority of England. Later the
distant authority, of course, was
the new central government
under the new Constitution.
Declaration of
Independence – what it
accomplished
• It appealed to the philosophy of
natural rights
• It appealed to the sympathies of
the English people
• It contained the phrase “all men
are created equal”
• It accused George III of tyranny
Why did the Americans seek
foreign help during the War
for Independence?
• Because they were losing the war.
Washington endured several losses
in and around New York during 1776
and even though he won important
battles at Trenton and Princeton,
Patriots believed French military and
financial assistance was crucial to
winning the war. They signed a
treaty with France in 1778 which
remained in effect until 1800.
What single factor contributed
the most to American victory in
the War for Independence?
• Quite simply, the military and
financial aid that France
provided after the Battle of
Saratoga. You could argue that
George Washington was
perhaps as important to
American success, but French
aid was most crucial. After
what battle did the French
decide to recognize the United
What battle convinced the
British government to
commence peace negotiations
with the United States?
•YORKTOWN!
Preamble to the Declaration
of Independence – what’s
in it?
• Governments exist to protect rights
of citizens
• When a government is oppressive,
then people have the right to revolt
• The government is the servant to the
people, not the master
• Governments are based on the
consent of the people
Where did the founding generation
locate sovereignty? How did they
divide it when they wrote the U.S.
Constitution?
• The founding fathers broke new
ground when they located
sovereignty in the PEOPLE. They
divided sovereignty between the
Federal government and state
government (the term for this is
FEDERALISM).
What was the principal
reason for drafting the Bill
of Rights?
• In order to get the Constitution
ratified James Madison
promised various antiFederalists that he would press
for a Bill of Rights in the first
Congress. Madison wrote the
Bill of Rights to protect rights
that were not specified in the
Constitution.
How many amendments
are included in the Bill of
Rights?
•TEN!
What was the attitude of the
Founding Fathers toward
political parties?
• The founding generation
thought that parties were
vehicles of ambition and selfish
interests. They thought that
parties threatened the very
existence of republican
government in the new United
States of America.
What were the Kentucky and
Virginia resolutions and what was
their significance?
• Written by Thomas Jefferson and
James Madison in response to the
Alien and Sedition Acts (1798), these
resolutions claimed that the
authority of state governments
included the power to decide
whether or not an act of Congress
was unconstitutional.
List some of the acts of
the First U.S. Congress.
• To make the new government viable, the
U.S. Congress:
• 1. Organized a federal court system under
the Supreme Court.
• 2. Drafted a Bill of Rights and sent them to
the states for ratification.
• 3. Passed a tariff for the purposes of
raising revenue and protecting infant
American industries.
• 4. Established four Departments, Justice,
State, Treasury, and War, to assist and
advise the president.
Why did Jefferson want to
purchase Louisiana from
France?
• Jefferson was concerned about
Napoleon’s ambitions in America.
Originally, Jefferson only wanted
New Orleans as a port to provide an
outlet for western crops. But, when
offered all of Louisiana, Jefferson
hoped to create or preserve an
agricultural society by making
abundant lands available to future
generations. Hence, Jefferson
thought in purchasing Louisiana he
Why did the British
continue to hold forts in
the U.S. after 1783?
• This actually became one of the
causes of the War of 1812. They
continued to hold forts in North
America because the United
States, after the War for
Independence, violated treaty
clauses dealing with restoration
of Loyalist property.
Why was the election of
1800 “another revolution”?
• The election of 1796 was important
in that George Washington
surrendered power VOLUNTARILY to
John Adams. But, they were of
similar political persuasions. In the
election of 1800, however, there was
a PEACEFUL transfer of power from
one political party (John Adams and
the Federalists) to another (Thomas
Jefferson and the DemocraticRepublicans).
What did Jefferson mean when he
said “We are all Republicans, we
are all Federalists” in his first
inaugural address?
• Jefferson was probably trying
to be generous to his political
opponents. He also was
asserting that the principles of
American self-government were
above party politics. It was an
attempt at conciliation.
What was George Washington’s
neutrality proclamation, when was it
issued, and why was it issued?
• George Washington issued this
Neutrality Proclamation in 1793
in response to French
diplomatic overtures to invoke
the Franco-American Alliance of
1778 due to war between
Britain and France.
Which of the following is
actually a part of the U.S.
Constitution?
•
•
•
•
1. Political Parties
2. A Presidential Cabinet
3. Direct election of senators
4. Electoral College to select
the president
• 5. Two-Term presidential limit
• See next slide!
Which of the following is
actually a part of the U.S.
Constitution?
•
•
•
•
1. Political Parties
2. A Presidential Cabinet
3. Direct election of senators
4. Electoral College to select
the president
• 5. Two-Term presidential limit
What was the significance of Marbury v.
Madison, Gibbons v. Ogden, McCulloch v.
Maryland, and Dartmouth College v.
Woodward?
• Marbury v. Madison – Supreme Court can review
Congressional enactments (e.g. JUDICIAL REVIEW)
• Gibbons v. Ogden – Only Congress, not the states,
may regulate interstate commerce.
• McCulloch v. Maryland – A state may not tax a
federal institution.
• Dartmouth v. Woodward – Contracts are sacred.
• All these decisions ENHANCED the power of the
federal government at the expense of the states.
They were made by John Marshall, who was Chief
Justice of the Supreme Court for 34 years and a
staunch nationalist in a Jeffersonian era.
Describe Alexander Hamilton’s
financial program and the
opposition it engendered.
• HAMILTON’S PROGRAM:
• 1. Fund the national debt at par.
• 2. Excise Tax on Whiskey, or distilled
liquor.
• 3. Establish a Bank of the United States
(B.U.S.)
• 4. Federal Government will assume the
debts of the states.
• All of this was very controversial and led
to the establishment of the first political
parties in America, the Federalists and
Democratic-Republicans.
What was the greatest
achievement of the Articles
of Confederation?
• Historians think the greatest
achievement of the Articles of
Confederation was to provide
for the orderly settlement of the
western territories. This was
done through two laws, the
Land Ordinance of 1785, and
the Northwest Ordinance of
1787.
What were the opponents of
the ratification of the
Constitution called?
•
•
•
•
1.
2.
3.
4.
Federalists
Anti-Federalists
Which is it?
Anti-Federalists!
Explain the rise and
development of political
parties in the new nation
• Political parties developed in
response to Alexander Hamilton’s
financial program. Differing
ideologies and viewpoints accented
by disagreements over the
establishment of a national bank,
the payment of the foreign, national,
and state debts, foreign policies, and
the Alien and Sedition Acts, all led to
the rise of political parties in the
1790s.
Define loose v. strict
interpretation of the
Constitution.
• Strict Interpretation – Proposed by
Jefferson. If the Constitution does
not allow it, then it is prohibited by
the federal government and the
power reverts to the states (see 10th
Amendment).
• Loose Interpretation – Proposed by
Hamilton. If the Constitution does
not forbid it, it is allowed (see
elastic clause).
• These interpretations arose over
Hamilton’s proposal to create a Bank
of the United States. Letters written
Which of the following is
NOT true about George
Washington?
• 1. He was General of the Continental
Army during the War for
Independence.
• 2. He was president of the
Constitutional Convention.
• 3. He was a Federalist and a
supporter of Hamilton’s financial
program
• 4. Silly Goose! All of the above are
true!
Which of the following is
NOT true about Thomas
Jefferson?
• 1. He was the architect and
founder of the University of
Virginia.
• 2. He was the primary author of
the Declaration of
Independence.
• 3. He authorized the purchase
of Louisiana in 1803.
• 4. Silly Goose! All of the above
THE AGE OF
NATIONALISM
AND JACKSON
How did the election of James
Monroe reflect nationalist
sentiment/felling in America?
• Monroe ran as a Democratic –
Republican, which was the only
political party in existence after
the War of 1812. Federalists,
remember, were viewed as
disloyal and no longer existed.
Who was Nathaniel Hawthorne
and what themes did he address
in his work?
• He studied Puritanism because
one of his 17th century
ancestors played a role in the
Salem Witch Trials. In The
Scarlet Letter he satirized
Puritanism through his tale of
Arthur Dimmesdale, Roger
Chillingworth, and Hester
Prynne.
Most immigrants to the U.S. came
from where? When did the
largest immigration occur?
•Germany and Ireland
•1840s and 1850s
Who was Ralph Waldo Emerson
and what themes did he address
in his work?
• Ralph Waldo Emerson was a
transcendentalist essayist from
Concord, Massachusetts. He
stressed themes of individual
inspiration, self-reliance, the
importance of dissent, and nonconformity, among others.
What led to the War of 1812? What was
the principal issue of disagreement
between the U.S. and Great Britain that
led to the war? What was the Hartford
Convention and why was it significant?
• 1. The major issue between Britain and the
U.S. was over impressment and/or freedom
of the seas and the rights of neutral
nations. In his war address to Congress,
Madison mentioned these, along with the
blockading of American ports by British
ships.
• 2. The Hartford Convention was seen as
disloyal and it contributed to the demise of
the Federalist Party after the War.
Why was the Erie Canal
important?
• The Erie Canal, completed in 1825,
connected Lake Erie to the Hudson
River and, therefore, New York City.
It helped make New York City the
preeminent city in the U.S. and it
strengthened ties between the
eastern manufacturing region of the
country and western agricultural
interests. It was, therefore, of
NATIONAL importance.
What were Eli Whitney’s two
major contributions to
American technology?
• 1. Cotton Gin which led to the
Cotton Empire of the Southwest
and southern dependence on
slavery.
• 2. Interchangeable parts, which
contributed, in part, to the
industrialization of the North
prior to, and after, the Civil War.
Describe the “Lowell
System”.
• The “Lowell System” (so named after
the city of Lowell, Mass. in which it
was first attempted) involved a plan
to promote and expand textile and
manufacturing activities in New
England in a humane way that was
consistent with republicanism. The
majority of workers in the “Lowell
System” were YOUNG UNMARRIED
WOMEN from rural New England.
Describe Cherokee efforts to
retain their tribal lands. Who
supported them? Who opposed
them?
• The Cherokee Indians lived in
the Southwest (e.g. Georgia)
and their was increasing desire
for the lands as the cotton
kingdom spread westward and
gold was discovered. They
received support from the U.S.
Supreme Court and John
Marshall.
What was Henry Clay’s
“American System”?
• Henry Clay’s American System was an
attempt to knit the country together
economically so that America would be
more self sufficient (not so dependent on
England). Clay’s “System” included several
ideas:
• 1. A tariff for the protection of industry.
• 2. Internal improvements (e.g. canals,
roads, bridges) at FEDERAL EXPENSE.
• 3. Establishment of a Bank of the U.S.
(B.U.S.)
• 4. This would lead to increased trade
among the various sections of the United
States.
Describe the relationship
of Andrew Jackson and
banks.
Jackson detested the NATIONAL
BANK OF THE UNITED STATES.
He saw it as a bastion of wealth
and privilege and thought it
needed to be destroyed to save
democracy. He did this in the
“Bank War” of 1832-33. He
eventually removed federal
deposits from the BUS and
distributed them to state or
What major issues/ideas
did Andrew Jackson
support while president of
the U.S.?
• 1. Spoils system or “rotation in office.
• 2. Majority rule.
• 3. Destruction of the Bank of the U.S. He viewed
the Bank as a bastion of privilege and elitism in
opposition to democracy.
• 4. Removal of federal deposits from the BUS and
placed in “pet banks”.
• 5. Indian Removal to SAVE the Cherokees.
• 6. He thought political parties were expressions of
the popular will. So, he viewed parties much
differently than the founding generation.
• 7. Union was more important than states rights
(e.g. nullification crisis).
List the major provisions or
facets of the Monroe Doctrine.
Why was it significant?
• 1. It was written by John Quincy
Adams, Monroe’s Secretary of State.
• 2. It stressed that the Western
Hemisphere had essentially different
and incompatible political systems
(Democracy v. Monarchy) and was,
therefore, no longer open to
colonization by European nations.
• 3. It was largely ignored at the time,
but, like the Declaration of
Independence, it assumed greater
importance as the century
What was the “Tariff of
Abominations” and what did it
lead to?
• The Tariff was deemed unacceptable
by Southerners and led to John C.
Calhoun’s Exposition and Protest,
which argued that states could
NULLIFY federal law. Hence the
“Nullification Crisis” in 1832 and
1833 when South Carolina
threatened secession but found
itself with no allies.
What were the major concerns of
the educational reformers like
Horace Mann?
• EDUCATIONAL REFORMERS AND
THEIR GOALS INCLUDED:
• 1. Compulsory school-attendance
laws.
• 2. Use state and local tax money $
to finance public education.
• 3. A standardized school year.
• 4. Teacher training schools.
• *You can see the influence of these
reformers in today’s schools.
Who was Samuel Slater
and why was he
significant?
• In essence, Slater was the
founder of the industrial
revolution in America. He
brought plans back from
England (in his brain) and
founded the first factory here.
Pre-Civil War,
Civil War, and
Reconstruction
Era
How did the South pay for
the Civil War?
• Primarily the South paid for the
Civil War by printing paper
currency. They printed too much
and consequently the money
was virtually worthless by the
end of the conflict.
Why did the North go to
war in 1861?
• The North went to war in 1861, after
Fort Sumter, in order to preserve the
Union. Lincoln was not going to
make ending slavery a war goal – yet
– since he thought slavery was
protected by the Constitution and
the Border States of Delaware,
Kentucky, Maryland, and Missouri
might join the Confederacy if he did
so.
Define popular sovereignty.
• Popular sovereignty was first
introduced in the 1840s and
popularized by Stephen Douglas from
Illinois in the 1850s. It was the idea
that settlers in a given territory have
the sole right to decide whether or
not slavery will be permitted there.
Opposed by Free-Soilers, Lincoln,
and the Republicans. A failure in
Kansas in the 1850s. “Bleeding
Kansas.”
What was the biggest
threat to the Union in
1861-1863?
• The biggest threat to the Union
between 1861 and 1863 was
possible British recognition (French
recognition would have followed) of
the Confederacy. The British, for
example, could have broken the
Union blockade of the South and
Lincoln wanted to avoid British
recognition of the Confederacy at all
costs.
Why did the
Reconstruction era end in
1877?
• Reconstruction ended in 1877 with
the contested presidential election
of 1876, which led to the
Compromise of 1877. In return for
pulling all Union troops out of the
South, Republicans gained the
presidency and gave the South $ for
RR and improvement to levees along
their rivers.
Describe the social
networks of slaves and
slavery in the South.
• Despite forced separation from
their families and friends, slaves
maintained social networks
throughout the South. These
networks were especially
helpful when slaves escaped
from their masters.
How was the North
different than the South in
the 1850’s?
• In short, the North had a better
developed transportation
system (Canals, RR), a better
educated population, more
industry, more people, more
immigrants – especially from
Germany and Ireland – and more
cities.
What were the Black
Codes? Who designed
them and why?
• The Black Codes were written
and passed by Southern
legislatures in the immediate
aftermath of the Civil War. They
regulated the lives of the
freedmen and were designed to
place limits on the social and
economic opportunities open to
African-Americans.
What were the
Reconstruction
amendments?
• 13th Amendment – Abolished Slavery
• 14th Amendment – Gave AfricanAmericans citizenship and was, in a
sense, an equal rights amendment.
• 15th Amendment – Gave the
freedmen (males only) the right to
vote.
• The South accepted the 13th
Amendment as a result of the war,
but fought tooth and nail against the
th
th
Why did the slave labor force in
the south increase between 1810
and 1860 when the slave trade
had been abolished in 1808?
• NATURAL REPRODUCTION.
As a result, Upper Southern
states provided Lower
Southern states with
thousands of slaves
between 1808 and the Civil
War. It was a thriving and
profitable business.
Who called for “immediate
and uncompensated
emancipation of the slaves”?
• Abolitionists. William Lloyd
Garrison, Frederick Douglass,
Sojourner Truth, Wendell
Phillips, and others called for an
immediate end to slavery in the
nineteenth-century with no
compensation for slave owners.
They were a despised minority.
Define/describe the Dred
Scott decision.
• The Dred Scott decision was handed down
by Chief Justice Roger Taney in 1857. He
and president James Buchanan thought it
would solve the growing problem of
slavery in the territories. Taney ruled that
blacks were NOT citizens of the United
States, they “had no rights which the white
man is bound to respect,” and it declared
the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional.
This meant slavery could no spread into
any American territory. It galvanized the
Republican party and is considered by
many scholars one of the worst decisions
in the history of the Supreme Court.
What was the impact of the
Civil War on the economy of
the United States?
• 1. Pacific Railway Act 1862
allowed for the building of a
transcontinental railroad.
• 2. Created a more uniform and
central banking system.
• 3. Southern economy was
destroyed as cotton exports to
England were disrupted,
infrastructure was ruined, and
Describe relations
between Texas and Mexico
before 1850.
• The Mexican government
encouraged American settlement in
the 1820s and early 1830s, then
changed policy and forbade further
immigration. The Texas Revolution
was never seen as legitimate by
Mexico and the Lone Star
Republic/State was not conceded to
be independent until after the
Mexican War.
What was the primary
objective of the KnowNothing party?
• The Know-Nothing movement
was quite popular in the 1850s
and mainly favored restriction
of the rights of immigrants in
the United States. They were
also called the American Party
and many gravitated in the late
1850s to the Republicans.
Who or what groups would
have opposed Manifest
Destiny?
• Remember, Manifest Destiny was the
belief of Americans in the nineteenth
century that the United States was
destined, by God, to spread its ideals
and institutions from coast to coast.
Thus, the Whigs, in opposition to the
Mexican War, were the group MOST
LIKELY to oppose this concept.
Why? Because they thought the
Mexican War was launched by Polk
as an attempt to spread slavery in
What was the effect of the
Emancipation Proclamation?
• The immediate effect of the
Proclamation was to free the slaves
in the areas of the country that were
in rebellion. It strengthened the
moral cause of the Union and hurt
the Confederacy. Chaos is perhaps
an accurate description of the effect
of the Proclamation in the
Confederacy.
What was the status of
free blacks in the South?
• Not very good, obviously. In a
number of ways, they endured
discrimination (e.g. not being able to
vote). But, despite these obstacles,
many free blacks in the South did
acquire some property and were the
nucleus of the leadership that
emerged after the Civil War during
the Reconstruction era.
List the provisions of the Compromise of
1850? What was the most controversial
provision?
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
• POP FACT
POPular Sovereignty for New Mexico and
Utah.
Fugitive Slave Law that was stronger and
called for more federal involvement in the
capture of fugitive slaves.
Abolition of the Slave trade in Washington,
D.C.
California enters the Union as a free state.
Texas loses territory but gains $ 10 million
dollars to pay off its debt in return.
What was most controversial?
The New Fugitive Slave Law (e.g Anthony
Burns, Uncle Tom’s Cabin)
Why and when did the
American Anti-Slavery
society split?
• The American Anti-Slavery
Society split into factions in
1840 mostly because
William Lloyd Garrison’s
advocacy of women’s rights
and pacifism alienated some
members.
Frederick Douglass and
the Fourth of July. What
did he think of it?
• “What, to the American slave, is your
fourth of July? I answer; a day that
reveals to him, more than all other
days in the year, the gross injustice
and cruelty to which he is the
constant victim. To him, your
celebration is a sham; your boasted
liberty an unholy license; your
national greatness, swelling vanity.”
The speech continues in this mode
for awhile. Look for it on the test.
Railroads/subsidies
• In 1850 the federal government owned 1.4
billion acres of land in the west. Due to the
Pacific Railway Act of 1862, passed during
the Civil War, the RR received over 223
million acres in land grants over the next
thirty years to encourage the building of
RR across the U.S. The federal government
paid subsidies to the RR companies based
on the terrain the RR crossed. $ 16.00 for
each mile of track laid across flat terrain,
$ 48.00 per mile over mountainous terrain.
This is more or less how the West was
settled and tamed.
What did the elections of
1848, 1852, and 1856 have
in common?
• In all three of these elections
third parties advocating the end
of slavery won electoral votes.
These parties included the FreeSoilers in 1848 and 1852, and
the newly-formed Republican
party in 1856.
Describe the attitude of
abolitionists toward the
political process.
• Since abolitionists were more or
less a despised minority in the
United States between 1830
and 1860, they found political
action ineffectual. They relied,
therefore, on moral persuasion,
to advance the idea that slavery
should be abolished
immediately.
What most influenced the
development of antebellum
southern culture and
economy?
• Easy. The development of the
“peculiar institution” of slavery
in the South.
Who was Nat Turner and
why was he significant?
• Nat Turner led a slave rebellion
in Virginia in 1831 in which
nearly 60 whites were killed. It
was the only slave rebellion
which ended in white deaths
and it actually worsened lives
for slaves afterward. Their
freedoms were restricted and
pro-emancipation sentiment in
the South was more or less
Who was exempted from
conscription during the
Civil War?
• North – People who could afford a
substitute. Cost: $ 300.
• South – A planter that owned more
than twenty slaves.
• Was it a rich man’s war, and poor
man’s fight? Many thought so!
In what ways was the Civil
War a new and second
American Revolution?
• 1. Resulted in the end of slavery.
• 2. State’s Rights weakened, federal
power enhanced.
• 3. Creation of a national banking
system.
• 4. Promotion of large-scale
businesses or corporations (see
slide on RR subsidies)
• 5. Power shift from South to North as
a result of the war.
What was distinctive about
Lincoln’s plan for
Reconstruction?
• Lincoln’s plan was a wartime plan
and emphasized trying to get
southern states back into the Union
as quickly as possible, thereby
harming the Confederacy. As soon as
a southern state abolished slavery
and 10 % of its voters in 1860 took
an oath of loyalty to the Union, he
agreed he would let that state back
into the Union.
List the accomplishments
of Radical Reconstruction.
• 1. Setting up in the South of state system
of public education.
• 2. Rewriting state constitutions,
introducing universal male suffrage.
• 3. Repairing some of the damage done
during the Civil War (e.g. $ for RR and
roads and levees).
• 4. Hospitals and asylums
• 5. Amendments 13, 14, 15.
• * It was an attempt at interracial
democracy. They United States was the
only slaveholding country that attempted
this.
Do you know the
Reconstruction
Amendments?
• 13th – Abolished Slavery
• 14th – Gave the freedmen citizenship,
except for voting rights. Forbade states to
deny any person of life, liberty, or property
without “due process of law”.
• 15th – Gave the freedmen the right to vote.
Or, no state could deny any one the vote
based on race, or previous condition of
servitude.
What was the significance
of the Freedmen’s Bureau?
• It gave medical and legal and
educational assistance to the
newly freed slaves. It was
formally called the Bureau of
Refugees, Freedmen, and
abandoned lands.
What were the Black
Codes?
• The Black Codes were designed
by Southern legislatures
immediately after the Civil War
to set blacks aside as a
separate caste from whites and
subject to certain restrictions
on their freedom. Very
unpopular in the north.
What best describes the
role of blacks in the
Reconstruction process?
• They bravely, in the face of
violent opposition, took part in
the political process for the first
time. Over six hundred blacks
served in southern state
legislatures during
reconstruction, though nowhere
did they form a majority.
Why did Johnson get
impeached?
• Trigger Event – He violated the
Tenure of Office Act.
• Background Cause – He was
obstructing Congressional
Reconstruction.
Describe the presidency of
Ulysses S. Grant.
• Ulysses S. Grant brought very
little political experience or
judgment with him to the
presidency. He was elected in
1868 with the help of black
votes and attempted, despite
the resistance of white
southerners, to enforce
reconstruction legislation. His
presidency was marred by
Miscellaneous
Questions/Topics
What territories did the U.S.
between 1783-1853 acquire?
•
•
•
•
Oregon Territory
Louisiana Territory
Mexican Cession Territory
Florida Territory
What characterized relations between
whites and Native Americans?
Familiarize yourself with the major
military conflicts between these two
groups (e.g. the Pequot War, King Philip’s
War, French/Indian War).
• Mass removals of tribes from one
region of the country to another.
• Occasional political and military
alliances between whites and Native
Americans (e.g. Rev. War)
• Widespread efforts to Christianize
the Indians.
Who were King Philip, Joseph
Brant and Tecumseh? Do they
have anything in common?
• They were all Indian leaders
who fought the Americans in
battles at one time or another in
American history.
Which wars in the U.S. cost
the most in terms of
casualties? The least?
• MOST – Civil War (that should
have been easy)
• LEAST – War of 1812.
Which presidents served a
full two terms in office?
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
George Washington
Thomas Jefferson
James Madison
James Monroe
Andrew Jackson
Ulysses S. Grant
The others either died in office or
were so unpopular, tired, or inept
that they did not run again.
Name prominent American politicians for
whom the word “union” would have been
a primary concern? For which Americans
would it not have been that important?
• All Americans prior to the Civil
War would have thought Union
most important. Perhaps not the
Federalists at the Hartford
Convention, or John C. Calhoun.
• Obviously, the secessionists in
1860-61 were NOT unionists.
Liberty, Union, Constitution,
Equality. What did Americans
think of these words prior to the
Civil War?
• Americans would have spoken
with great reverence for the
first three, not so much for
equality. Perhaps the
Jacksonians would be an
exception to this.
What were some of the major reform
movements in America in the
nineteenth century? What were some
of the major issues of political debate
prior to the Civil War?
•
•
•
•
•
Abolitionism and slavery
Women’s rights
Education
Insane Asylums
Building of Canals, Roads, and
Bridges
• Perfectionism/Religious Reform
Chronology: Missouri Compromise,
Compromise of 1850, Uncle Tom’s
Cabin, Kansas-Nebraska Act
•
•
•
•
1820 – Missouri Compromise
1850 – Compromise of 1850
1852 – Uncle Tom’s Cabin
1854 – Kansas-Nebraska Act
(which destroyed the Missouri
Compromise and the
Compromise of 1850)
Chronology: Florida,
Louisiana, Oregon,
California
• 1803 – Louisiana Purchase
(Jefferson)
• 1819 – Florida (JQA)
• 1846 – Oregon (James K. Polk)
• 1850 – California (Millard
Fillmore)
Chronology: Northwest
Ordinance, Constitutional
Convention, Jay Treaty,
Louisiana Purchase
• 1787 – Northwest Ordinance
• 1787 – Constitutional
Convention
• 1795 – Jay’s Treaty
• 1803 – Louisiana Purchase
Chronology: Missouri
Compromise, Fugitive Slave
Law, Gadsden Purchase,
Morrill-Land Grant Act
• 1820 – Missouri Compromise
• 1850 – New Fugitive Slave Law
as part of the Compromise 1850
• 1853 – Gadsden Purchase
• 1862 – Morrill-Land Grant Act
(led to creation of Agricultural
and Mechanical Colleges in the
West)
Chronology: Cotton Gin, Erie Canal,
California Gold Rush, Transcontinental
Railroad
•
•
•
•
1793 – Cotton gin (Eli Whitney)
1825 – Erie Canal
1848 – California Gold Rush
1869 – Transcontinental RR
completed. Begun in 1862 under
the Pacific Railway Act.
Construction delayed during the
Civil War.
Chronology: When did the Civil War
occur?
•1861-1865
Chronology: When was the Declaration
of Independence written?
•1776
Chronology: When was the
Constitution written?
•1787
Chronology: When did Radical
Reconstruction finally end in the
South?
•1877 with the
Compromise
of 1877.
Chronology: Federalists,
Democrats, Whigs, KnowNothings
• 1790s – Federalists and Democrats
arose in response to Hamilton’s
financial plan.
• 1830s – Whigs arose in opposition to
Andrew Jackson
• 1850s – Know-Nothings arose in
response to large-scale immigration
from Germany and Ireland.
Who were Jonathan Edwards,
George Whitefield and Joseph
Smith? What did they have in
common?
• All were religious leaders.
Edwards and Whitefield were
leaders of the First Great
Awakening in the 1730s and
1740s and Smith was the
founder of Mormonism in the
nineteenth century.
Who were Thomas Paine, William
Lloyd Garrison and Harriet Beecher
Stowe? What did they have in
common?
• Thomas Paine – Common Sense
(called for Independence)
• William Lloyd Garrison – The
Liberator (abolitionist paper)
• Harriet Beecher Stowe – Uncle Tom’s
Cabin (anti Fugitive Slave Law)
• So, they all published very
controversial works.
What did Alexander Hamilton,
Henry Clay and Nicholas
Biddle have in common?
• All of them favored a national
bank of the United States.
Hamilton proposed it, Clay
wanted it as part of his
American System, and Biddle
was President of the Bank when
Jackson killed it.
What did Winfield Scott, David
Farragut and Henry Knox
have in common?
All of them were military heroes.
1. Knox – Revolutionary War.
Dragged cannnon back to
Boston from Fort Ticonderoga.
2. Scott – Mexican War. Entered
Mexico City in 1847.
3. Farragut – Civil War. Won New
Orleans and later Mobile Bay.
Who was Francis Scott
Key and why was he
significant?
• Author of the Star-Spangled
Banner which later became the
National Anthem. This reflected
the nationalism that developed
after the War of 1812.
When did the three major
economic panics prior to the
Civil War occur?
• 1819 – Caused Moses Austin to
lose everything and seek to
regain his fortune in Texas.
• 1837 – Destroyed Van Buren’s
presidency.
• 1857 – Southerners thought it
demonstrated the superiority of
their economic system since
their region was not hurt as
badly as the North.
What did Sojourner Truth,
Frederick Douglass, Nat Turner
and Denmark Vesey have in
common?
•Simple. They were
ALL anti-slavery and
vigorously so.
What did the Ordinance of 1785,
the Northwest Ordinance 1787
and the Homestead Act 1862
have in common?
• Simple. They all involved
the distribution of LAND
in the WEST.
What did Thomas Jefferson, John
Quincy Adams and Henry Clay
have in common?
• They were all ……
• SECRETARY OF STATE!
What did John Tyler, Millard
Fillmore and Andrew Johnson
have in common?
• They were all vice-presidents …
• WHO BECAME PRESIDENT
BECAUSE THE PRESIDENT DIED
WHILE IN OFFICE (e.g. Harrison,
Taylor, and Lincoln).
Name the treaties the U.S. signed
before 1850, which resulted in
territorial gains for America?
• Focus on three:
• Treaty of Paris 1783 – Ended the War
for Independence and gained U.S.
land all the way to the Mississippi.
• 1819 – Adams-Onis Treaty gained the
U.S. Florida
• 1848 – Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
gained the U.S. the Mexican Cession,
which included California, NM, Utah.
Which president exercised
the most power while in
office? The least?
MOST – Abraham Lincoln. Can you
think of an example?
Suspension of Habeaus Corpus;
Freeing some of the slaves
LEAST – Andrew Johnson. Why?
Johnson was impeached!
CHRONOLOGY
Jamestown, Constitutional
Convention, Jay Treaty, Louisiana
Purchase. Correct Order?
1607 – Jamestown
1787 – Constitutional Convention
1795 – Jay’s Treaty
1803 – Louisiana Purchase
Missouri Compromise, Fugitive Slave
Law, Lincoln’s Election, Morrill-Land
Grand Act. Correct Order?
1820 – Missouri Compromise
1850 – New Fugitive Slave Law
1860 – Lincoln’s Election
1862 – Morrill-Land Grant Act
Battle of Saratoga, Battle of New
Orleans, Battle of Yorktown, Battle of
Antietam. Correct Order?
Revolutionary War – 1777
Saratoga; 1781 Yorktown
War of 1812 – 1815 Battle of New
Orleans (after the War was over)
Civil War – 1862 Battle of
Antietam
Famous Rebellions
•
•
•
•
•
Bacon’s Rebellion 1676
Pontiac’s Rebellion 1763
Shay’s Rebellion 1786
Whiskey Rebellion 1794
Turner’s Rebellion 1831
Steps to the Revolution
•Proclamation of 1763
•Sugar Act of 1764
•Quartering Act 1765
•Stamp Act of 1765
•Stamp Act Congress of 1765
•Townshend Act of 1767
•Boston Massacre of 1770
•Boston Tea Party of 1773
•Intolerable Acts of 1774
•Quebec Act of 1774
Important Dates before the Revolution
•1st Continental Congress1774
•Lexington and Concord 1775
•2nd Continental Congress 1775
•Olive Branch Petition
•Bunker Hill 1775
•Declaration of Independence 1776
•Review the Amendments summary
page on the website – any
amendment we have covered this
semester is potentially an exam
question.
Have a great Break
from :
Ms. Foreman and
Coach Herbst!
We appreciate all
of your hard work
thus far.