Download spanish american war ppt

Describe the circumstances that led to
war between the United States and
Spain in 1898.
Explain how the war made the United
States a world power.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=9nPGre7SbkE
Main Idea
The United States defeated Spain in a war,
acquired new overseas territories, and became
an imperial power.
Key Terms and Names
• José Martí
• Jingoism
• William Randolph
Hearst
• Theodore
Roosevelt
• Joseph Pulitzer
• Platt Amendment
• yellow journalism
The Coming of War: The Cuban Rebellion Begins
• Cuba = a Spanish colony, provided wealth for Spain with
sugarcane plantations
• In 1868 Cuban rebels declared independence &
began a guerrilla attack against Spanish authorities
 attack failed & Cuban rebels fled to the U.S. to
plan a new revolution.
•Writer/poet José Martí, an exiled leader of
Cuba’s revolution, fled to NYC.
•raised $ from Americans & began purchasing
weapons/training troops to prepare for an
invasion of Cuba
•began a new rebellion in Feb. 1895 - seized
control of eastern Cuba, declared its
independence  set up the Republic of Cuba
(Sept. 1895).
The Coming of War: Americans Support the Cubans
• At the start of the Cuban
revolution, Americans were
neutral.
• But after reports in two
newspapers,
the New York Journal owned by
William Randolph Hearst & the
New York World owned by
Joseph Pulitzer, Americans
began to side with the rebels.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0Xf
xtMBF8A
• The newspapers, trying to outdo
each other, began to use yellow
journalism by running
exaggerated stories of
http://www.youtube.com/watc
Spanish attacks on Cubans.
h?v=Abzd41k_OhQ
The Coming of War: Americans Support the Cubans
(cont)
• The Cuban rebels attacked and destroyed
American property, hoping
for American intervention in the war.
• The Spanish appointed General Valeriano
Weyler to serve as governor.
• He caused the deaths of tens of thousands
of Cuban villagers by sending them to
reconcentration camps.
• This led Americans to call for intervention
in the war.
The Coming of War: Calling Out For War
• The Spanish ambassador to the U.S., Enrique
Dupuy de Lôme, wrote a private letter, describing
President McKinley as weak and seeking
admiration of Americans.
•The New York Journal printed the letter, causing
Americans to become angry over the insult.
• In February 1898, the U.S.S. Maine, anchored in
Havana, Cuba, exploded, killing 266 American
officers/sailors
•Although no one knows why the ship
exploded, many Americans blamed
Spain.
“REMEMBER THE MAINE, TO HELL
WITH SPAIN!”
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bCwOtl4rERc
The Coming of War: Calling Out For War
(cont.)
• President William McKinley did not want to
intervene in the war, fearing it would cost the
U.S. too many lives and hurt the economy.
• Within the president’s own political party,
jingoism = aggressive nationalism, was very
strong.
• In 1898, after much pressure, McKinley
authorized Congress to declare war on Spain.
• http://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=urtm4GpjFu4
• http://www.youtube.com/
watch?NR=1&feature=end
screen&v=svEBBr3EvNk
A War on Two Fronts: The U.S. Takes the Philippines
• The U.S. Navy’s North Atlantic
Squadron blockaded Cuba
• An American fleet in British Hong
Kong was ordered to attack the
Spanish fleet in the Philippines–a
Spanish colony.
• In May 1898, Commodore George
Dewey led a squadron that
destroyed Spanish warships in
Manila Bay in the Philippines.
• McKinley sent 20,000 American
troops to the Philippines and,
along the way, seized the island
of Guam–a Spanish possession
in the Pacific.
A War on Two Fronts: Am. Forces Battle in Cuba
• In June, Am. troops advanced toward Santiago Harbor in Cuba
• One group attacked the village of El Caney & another group
attacked San Juan Heights
• Among the American troops were the “Rough Riders” led by
Colonel Leonard Wood, with Theodore Roosevelt as 2nd in
command
• About one-fourth of the Am. troops fighting in Cuba were Af Am
• Spanish resistance ended with the surrender of Santiago
• On August 12, 1898, Spain & the U.S. agreed to a cease-fire
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=oYpdZMFOObQ
OPPOSITION TO ANNEXATION
OF THE PHILIPPINES
• Anti-imperialist League
– Rule of one people by another went against the most
basic values of American democracy
– Possession of colonies would lead to rivalry & armed
conflict
– Cheap labor from colonies would lead to lower wages in
the U.S. (Samuel Gompers)
REBELLIONS IN THE PHILIPPINES
• Emilio Aguinaldo leads guerilla warfare
against American soldiers in
Philippines.
• General MacArthur adopts many of
same policies Spanish used in Cuba to
fight guerillas.
– Reconcentration camps
• Americans build up infrastructure,
schools, health services & the
economy.
• 1901 Aguinaldo captured  PhilippineAmerican war ends (1899-1902)
• 1946 U.S. grants independence
GOVERNING PUERTO RICO
• 1900 Foraker Act = Puerto
Rico unincorporated territory,
no constitutional rights,
Congress passes whatever
laws it wants for the island
• 1917 U.S. makes Puerto
Ricans citizens of United
States – Commonwealth of
U.S.
• Debate today over status –
Independence? Statehood?
CUBA & PLATT AMENDMENT
1901 Platt Amendment  CUBA NOW AN AMERICAN PROTECTORATE
1. Cuba can’t make treaty with another nation that would weaken
independence/allow foreigners territory
2. Cuba must allow U.S. to buy/lease naval bases
3. Cuba’s debts must be kept low to prevent foreigners landing
troops to enforce payments
4. U.S. right to intervene to protect Cuban independence/keep
order
REVIEW: CAUSES, COURSE, & CONSEQUENCES
OF THE SPANISH AMERICAN WAR
CAUSES:
•Cuba = an important/highly profitable sugar cane colony of Spain. Beginning in the 1890s, the US & Cuba had an agreement where they would
be allowed to set up sugar cane plantations, railroads & mines in Cuba (with Spanish permission). For a long time, trade with the US helped fuel
the Cuban economy, until in the late 1890s Cuba hit a depression. Soon, Cubans started calling out for independence from Spain.
•Led by rebel Jose Marti, the Cubans began a revolution for their independence, free from Spain. But the rebellion was brutally crushed by Sp.
forces; there were many war atrocities, including mass killings/concentration camps in Cuba. News of these atrocities reached the US via yellow
journalism, & this angered Americans enough to hate Spain. In addition, many Cuban rebels purposely wrecked American-owned property in
Cuba (railroads & factories) in order to influence wealthy business owners to cry for war.
•Many Americans wanted war with Spain & would use any excuse to start it. In March 1898, the USS Maine, an Am. navy ship, blew up off of the
Havana Harbor, Cuba, & immediately the US blamed Spain. On April19, 1898, the US declared war on Spain. REMEMBER THE MAINE, TO HELL
WITH SPAIN!
COURSE:
•Fighting in Cuba for the Americans was not as easy as they expected. Many died from disease caused by unsanitary war conditions; more
American soldiers died as a result of disease than actual combat.
•Soon, Teddy Roosevelt, then Secretary of the Navy, quit his high-paying job to start a group called the “rough riders,” a cavalry unit made up of
cowboys & miners. Their courageous war efforts boosted the Am. advance and on July 3 1898, along with the navy, helped defeat & make Sp.
surrender on Aug. 12 1898. Teddy Roosevelt would emerge with the medal of honor & labeled a war hero  becomes President.
CONSEQUENCES:
•Philippines: The US also helped the Philippines gain independence from Spain. However, there was much disagreement between the US and
the Filipinos as how the Philippines would be controlled, and if the US should stay behind. After much tension, the US, deciding not to annex the
Philippines, left the island in 1902.
•Because of the Spanish-American War, the US was able to acquire Guam (territory), the Philippines, & Puerto Rico (commonwealth).
•Although it took until 1946 to finally grant them full independence, the US let the Philippines become its own independent country, without
annexing it.
•More importantly, the Spanish-American war kicked out most of the original colonial powers from the Western hemisphere and solidified the
United States as the dominant power of the hemisphere.