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Essential Question:
What were the causes and
national effects of national
growth?
Chapter 11,
An Era of Expansion (1800-1815)
I.
II.
III.
Jefferson as President
The Louisiana Purchase
The War of 1812
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Timeline
1800 – Spain surrenders the Louisiana Territory to France.
1803 – The U.S. buys the Louisiana Territory.
1804 – Santa Domingo wins the independence from France. Lewis and Clark
begin their journey. Aaron Burr kills Alexander Hamilton in a duel.
1806 – Lewis and Clark return to St. Louis. The British blockades the French
ports.
1807 – The Embargo Act is passed.
1811 – The Battle of Tippecanoe Creek is occurs.
1812 – The War of 1812 begins. Napoleon invades Russia with 600,000 men.
1814 – The British burns Washington D.C.
1815 – The War of 1812 ends. Napoleon is defeated at Waterloo.
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Vocabulary
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Lesson 1
Radical – Someone who favors extreme social or economic changes.
Judicial Review – A court review to determine whether a law is constitutional.
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Lesson 2
Tribute – Money paid for protection.
Embargo – An order stopping trade with another country.
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Lesson 3
Anthem – A song of praise.
Nationalism – Pride in one’s country.
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I. Jefferson as President
The Election of 1800
In the 1800s, President John Adams ran for a reelection against Vice President Thomas Jefferson.
During Adam’s presidency the Federalists had
passed laws that angered many Americans. As a
outcome, each party argued over that the other
was a threat to the Constitution.
When the electoral votes were counted, Jefferson
managed more votes than Adams by 73 to 65.
President Jefferson took the oath of office on
March 4th, 1801.
Jefferson’s View of Government
He believed in a stronger and more independent
state government. President Jefferson hoped that
the citizens would take a bigger role in public
affairs.
Jefferson convinced Congress to repeal taxes on
some of the items that were produced in the U.S.
He also decreased the size of the army by 4,000 to
2,500 because he thought the government spent
too much money.
Jefferson’s election marked the first time in the U.S.
history that the political party in power changed.
+ Burr Vs. Hamilton
In the Federalist Party, some members
were upset with President Jefferson’s
policies. They created a secret plan to
withdraw the New England states from the
U.S. and make a separate country.
However, if they wanted to accomplish this
plan they were in need of a NY state.
Therefore, in 1804, they offered to support
Aaron Burr in his campaign. Burr’s
campaign was to be governor of NY if he
supported their plan, but he rejected
them.
After hearing the rumors of the
Federalist’s plot, Alexander Hamilton
accused Burr of treason. Burr had lost the
election for government, since Hamilton
opposed him.
Thus, Burr challenged Hamilton to a
deadly fight with pistols. On July 11, 1804,
they met in Weehawken, NJ.
Hamilton was severely injured and died
the next day.
Marbury v. Madison
The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
was John Marshall. He was the secretary
under President Adams. He was a
respected man by man, although he and
President Jefferson disagreed on many
issues.
In 1803,, there was a legal case called
Marbury v. Madison. In John Adam’s last
days of presidency, he appointed dozens
of Federalists, including Marbury, to create
the Judiciary Act of 1801.
Many of the Democratic-Republicans
called them “midnight judges” due to
Adams allowing them to fill their positions
before he left the office.
Thomas Jefferson refused to let his
Secretary of State, James Madison, to give
Marbury the official papers that would
make him judge. Marbury sued Madison.
II. The Louisiana Purchase
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In 1803, the United States bought 828,000 sq. miles of land from France.
The French controlled this region from 1699 to 1762 when it became
Spanish property. France gave it to them as a present because they were
allies. Under Napoleon Bonaparte, France revived the aspirations to build
an empire in North America. So, the territory was taken back in 1800.
Those big plans were not meant to be because Napoleon needed to focus
on preparations for war with the British Empire. Thus, the land was sold to
the U.S. The price was 15 million dollars!
The purchased territory included the whole of today’s
-Arkansas
-Canadian provinces
-Iowa
-Alberta
-Missouri
-Saskatchewan
-Kansas
- -Colorado
-Oklahoma
-Some parts of Minnesota
-Louisiana, west of Mississippi River
-New Orleans
-Big parts of North and NE New Mexico
-South Dakota
-Northern Texas
-Some parts of Wyoming
-Montana
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The U.S. initially wanted to buy the
New Orleans and the land
surrounding him. The purchase met
with the strong opposition in the
States on account.
Jefferson couldn’t deny that the
Constitutional of the U.S. did not
provide for acquiring new territories.
He still decided to proceed with the
purchase since the removal of France
presence in the region was such an
important issue.
Sacagawea (1788-1812)
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Sacagawea was ShoshoneNative American, born around
1788.
She was kidnapped when she
was young and sold to a FrenchCanadian trader.
She became the wife of the
French trader, Toussaint
Charbonneau.
Lewis and Clark hired her
husband and agreed to
interpret for them.
Sacagawea and her young son
accompanied them and acted
as a interpreter.
She soon realized that the chief
she encountered was her
brother.
A coin was made after her as
her honor in 2000.
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III.The War of 1812
Causes of the War:
Between the periods of 1793 and 1815, war had raged
throughout Europe. France and Great Britain were at war
with each other and depended on U.S. for supplies, food and
other materials. While U.S. merchants became wealthy
supplying both sides, tensions grew. Britain tried to prevent
U.S. ships from supplying France and France did the same by
keeping American goods from reaching Britain. This led to
President Jefferson’s Embargo Act of 1807 to cut off trade
relations with Europe. As a result, merchants in the U.S. began
to lose business, farmers could not sell their crops and
workers lost their jobs. People began smuggling goods and
Americans demanded that the act be repealed. Later in 1809,
congress passed a law allowing U.S. ships to trade with any
country except Great Britain or France.`
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Troubles In The West
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Conflicts in the West led to increased
tensions between the United States and
Great Britain.
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In the Northwest, the British continued to
help Native Americans raid U.S.
settlements.
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Tecumseh, a Shawnee leader, led attacks
against settles by uniting several Native
American Groups. His goal was to drive
them all away out of the Northwest
Territory.
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President Madison sent General Henry
Harrison to fight against Tecumseh and
his forces.
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Harrison won a victory at the Battle of
Tippecanoe Creek in present day
Indiana.
The War Hawks
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British ships continued practicing
impressment, which caused the tensions
between the Americans and British to
grow.
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President Madison wasn’t looking
towards war, but others were. These were
the War Hawks.
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Henry Clay of Kentucky and John C.
Calhoun of South Carolina were leaders
of the War Hawks.
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Chief Tecumseh
The War Hawks hoped to win
a war against the British to
add more territory for its
settlers by gaining control of
Canada.
They also hoped to push
Spain, a British ally, out of
Florida.
President Madison allowed
the war and the second war
against the British had
begun. This was the War of
1812.
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Fighting The War of 1812
Early Battles and British
Invasion
Negotiating Peace
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British government was focused on battling the
French, then later turned it’s attention to the United
States. There, several Battles took place.
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Both Britain and the United States was tired of
war and neither side seemed hopeful of
winning.
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In April 1814, the British had defeated the French
in Europe and since Napoleon had been captured
by the U.S., it allowed the British to turn their focus
on the war.
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So in December 1814, the British agreed to end
the war.
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The treaty that ended the war without bringing
any changes at all was the Treaty of Ghent.
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Great Britain and the United States kept the
lands they owned before the war, and both
American and British merchants began trading
goods again.
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The British troops planned a three part invasion of
the United States. They captured the captured the
capital and burned down some of the government
buildings, including the White House and the
Capitol. This led to President Madison and the
government fleeting from the city.
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Francis Scott Key wrote a poem that was later
called “The Star-Spangled Banner”. This song
became the United States national anthem.
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British attacked New Orleans but was defeated by
Major Andrew Jackson and his army of pirates,
Native and free African Americans, and state
militia.
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Results of
the War
•The
United States did not win or lose
the War of 1812. Instead they brought
about some important changes.
Americans took pride in their
country’s successes.
The United States proved once again
that it could stand on its own against
Great Britain.
Some people even called the war the
Second War of Independence.
New American Heroes
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Americans realized the need of a strong government
that would withstand treats from abroad.
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General William Henry Harrison and Major General
Andrew Jackson were one of several individuals who
were thought of as heroes. Like George Washington,
Jackson and Harrison would one day hold the nation’s
highest office.
Growth of Nationalism
• The country experienced a new sense of nationalism after
the war. This led to a desire to keep expanding the U.S.
•African Americans took pride in their roles in the war and
it strengthened their claims for full citizenship.
•Europe entered a period of peace that would last about
100 years. This turning point was caused by the ending of
the war against Napoleon.
•As a result, the United States could begin to focus on its
own development.
•This nation was about to enter
A time of tremendous growth.