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Unit 15 Part 2: The Cold War Continues Unit 15: The Beginnings of the Cold War Pageant: 903-906 and 918-924 (through Cuba) Conflict in Korea • Japan controlled Korea from 1910 until the end of WWII. In 1945, when the war ended, Korea was divided between America and the USSR. • The USSR would support the northern half of the country – above the 38th parallel. The USA got the region south of 38º. Conflict in Korea • As in Germany, two nations developed – one communist, one democratic. • The USSR supported the North Korean communist government and militarized North Korea. • South Korea was led by Syngman Rhee. Because Rhee’s goal was to force both Koreas to unite by force, the U.S. did not heavily arm the South Korean army. Syngman Rhee taking Oath of Office July 24, 1948 Conflict in Korea • After WWII, America began to reduce its forces in South Korea and both sides withdrew by 1949 • North Korea’s army invaded South Korea on June 25, 1950. With the invasion, the USA turned around to help South Korea. • To gain support in its aid to Korea, the USA went to the United Nations and asked for assistance to defend South Korea. – Truman knew the League of Nations had been rendered useless by inaction • The Soviet Union was protesting the UN meeting and since they could not veto the vote, the UN decided to help South Korea. Korean War [1950-1953] Kim Il-Sung Syngman Rhee “Domino Theory” Korea Changes America • NSC-68: National Security Council Memo from 1950 recommending a quadrupling of defense spending in US • Korea allowed it to happen – 13% of the GDP - $50 billion a year – was soon spent on the military • NSC-68 important because it demonstrates the belief of the interconnectedness between American economy and military – and the limitless possibilities of the two Conflict in Korea • Even though 16 nations sent 520,000 troops to aid South Korea, war was not declared by the U.S. against North Korea. – Technically America was just participating in a UN police action • 90% of the U.N. troops were American and the South Korean Army gave another 590,000 troops. United Nations: Canada, Greece, South Africa, South Korea, Colombia, Luxembourg, Thailand, Australia, Ethiopia, Netherlands, Turkey, Belgium France New Zealand, United Kingdom, Philippines United States Fighting in Korea • At the beginning of the war, the North Korean troops overwhelmed the U.N. troops and forced them into a small defensive zone around Pusan in the SE corner of the Korean Peninsula. • MacArthur, who was once again in charge of the U.S. and U.N. troops, launched a surprise attack from Inchon on the west coast and Pusan. • The Allied troops were able to push their way almost to the Chinese-Korean border. Korean War [1950-1953] Fighting in Korea • After this happened, the Chinese entered the war on the side of North Korea to defend their communist neighbors and to prevent America from entering China. – US knew this would happened, but continued North of 38 anyway… • The sheer number of Chinese forces overwhelmed the Allies and caused a retreat to the south. • After this back and forth motion, both sides were once again stationed in the vicinity of the 38th parallel. Korea and the end of MacArthur • MacArthur was embarrassed that the Chinese were so successful • Wanted massive retaliation – blockade of China and bombarding of Manchuria • D.C. didn’t want to escalate this battle and bring in the USSR – Typical Cold War ideology • MacArthur publicly began attacking the president’s decision • Truman removed MacArthur from command on April 11, 1951 – MacArthur’s popularity from WWII made this one of the biggest blows to Truman The Shifting Map of Korea [1950-1953] Fighting in Korea • Both sides tried to come to a truce in 1951, but deliberations dragged on for two years while thousands were killed in battle. • The problem was that the communist forces wanted all prisoners of war returned alive, but some of the prisoners wanted to leave communism and didn’t want to return. • Animated Map of the Korean War Pictures of the Korean War Fighting in Korea • July 1953 finally saw a peace and an exchange of prisoners that wanted to go back to their countries. • The cease fire line was also stationed at the existing battle line of the 38th parallel, plus a demilitarized zone was established between the two countries. Guards along the DMZ Fighting in Korea • There were approximately 54,000 American casualties with the Chinese, North Korean, and South Koreans losing approximately 1 million. • The U.S. had spent $67 billion on what turned out to be a fight to maintain the status quo. • While communism didn’t spread, South Korea and democracy did not make any gains either. – Containment had worked though… • The Korean War also led to increased fears of Communist aggression at home in America. Foreign Policy Changes • With the election of Ike in 1952, a new Secretary of State came in with new ideas: John Foster Dulles • Containment was no longer enough – Communism would be stopped and captured peoples would be liberated Ike and Dulles in 1956 Foreign Policy Changes • Military spending would focus on the air with the – Strategic Air Command (SAC): a fleet of superbombers carrying nuclear bombs • All based on the theory of massive retaliation – if the commies come after us, we destroy them. Yeah. • Thought to be cheaper than conventional military – But would it actually be used? Foreign Policy Changes • At the same time Ike wanted to work with the new Soviet premier – Nikita Khrushchev (also became leader in 1953) • Ike wanted “open skies” over US and USSR and Khrushchev said no to Ike’s “open” attempt at espionage Foreign Policy Changes • Problems with the new plan: – Couldn’t use it anywhere • Hungarian revolution in 1956 was crushed by the USSR • America couldn’t help without nuking Eastern Europe and therefore America didn’t help – Was actually really expensive – When he left office in 1960, Ike warned of the growth of the military-industrial complex that this interrelatedness between massive military spending and the American economy had caused National Defense Budget [1940-1964] Truman vs. Eisenhower “Containment” [George Kennan] 1. Marshall Plan 2. Truman Doctrine 3. Berlin Airlift 4. NATO 5. NSC #68 6. Korean War “Brinksmanship” [John Foster Dulles] 1. Mutual security agreements. 2. Massive retaliation. 3. M. A. D. 4. “Domino Theory” 5. CIA & covert operations 6. Eisenhower Doctrine 7. “$ Diplomacy” – Part II The Vietnam War - Background • France controlled “Indochina” since the late 19th century • Japan took control during World War II • With U.S. aid, France attempted re-colonization in the postwar period – By 1954 America was financing 80% of France’s war – about $1 billion in a year The Vietnam War - Background • The French lost control to Ho Chi Minh’s Viet Minh forces in 1954 at Dien Bien Phu • President Eisenhower declined to intervene on behalf of France. – Too soon after Korea The Vietnam War - Background • International Conference at Geneva th • Vietnam was divided at 17 parallel • Ho Chi Minh’s nationalist forces controlled the North • Ngo Dinh Diem, a French-educated, Roman Catholic claimed control of the South The Vietnam War - Background • A date was set for democratic elections to reunify Vietnam • Diem backed out of the elections (knowing Ho Chi Minh would win), leading to military conflict between North and South The Vietnam War – US Military Involvement Begins • Repressive dictatorial rule by Diem • Diem’s family holds all power • Wealth is hoarded by the elite • Buddhist majority persecuted • Torture, lack of political freedom prevail • The U.S. aided Diem’s government • Ike sent financial and military aid • 675 U.S. Army advisors sent by 1960. • SEATO created in late 1954 (SouthEast Asia Treaty Organization) like NATO and included England, France, and US “False Lull” in Europe • In 1955 it seemed as if things were getting better with the Cold War – Soviets left Austria (whoa) – Khrushchev denounced the “bloody excesses” of Stalin – who never became the hero Lenin did – May 1955 – Geneva conference that accomplished nothing, but left people feeling happy and sunny Back to Reality…Hungary • Late 1956 Hungarians revolted for their freedom from the USSR Stalin’s desecrated head – Expected America to help – Hungarians were slaughtered or fled as refugees • America allowed 30,000 refugees in Time’s Man of the Year – Hungarian Freedom Fighter Issues Begin in Iran • The government of Iran began to take control of its oil resources and resist the influence of Western companies there – America believed that this was under the influence of the USSR – The CIA caused a coup in 1953 to install a new leader in Iran – the Shah of Iran, Mohammed Reza Pahlevi – He’d be exiled later and Iran would turn against the West Suez Crisis • President Nassar of Egypt was a nationalist, but he was looking for outside funding for a dam project to irrigate and provide power – America and England offered help until Nassar began to deal with the communists • In response to the US’s and England’s withdrawal of funds, Nassar nationalized the Suez Canal, which had previously been controlled by English and French stockholders • Dulles wanted to prevent armed intervention from England and France as well as the Soviets who were hoping to gain another ally • England and France still attacked Egypt, with a coordinated attack with Israel in October 1956 • America refused to supply the allies with oil and they had to withdraw after a week • UN police force arrived to keep order Suez Crisis Nasser and Khrushchev in 1956 Where is All the Oil? • In 1940 the US still supplied 2/3 of the world’s oil and only 1/20 came from the Middle East • By 1948 America became a net oil importer while the Middle East increased oil production • America worried about the Soviets gaining control of the Middle East oil supply: • Eisenhower Doctrine promised military and economic aid to Middle Eastern countries threatened by communism OPEC • Middle Eastern countries weren’t really at risk from communism (except Afghanistan later), but were at risk from nationalism! – They wanted control of their own oil (instead of Western businesses) and took it • OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) was formed in 1960 – Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, Iran, and Venezuela – Would set oil prices and control trade, much to the chagrin of America The Space Race • Both the Soviets and Americans had captured German rocket technology at the fall of WWII. • The development of long-range rockets to carry nuclear warheads to the enemy was an important part of the Cold War. • This development was carried out through the “Space Race” which was the competition between both countries over space exploration – a rocket that could carry a space shuttle or satellite could definitely carry a warhead - duh The Space Race • America did not fare too well in the Space Race. • On October 4, 1957, the Soviets launched the first satellite into space and America was desperately far behind The Space Race • This caused panic in America since Soviet rocket technology was obviously more superior than American technology – We had to prevent the “missile gap” from widening – This is when American schools began to focus on science and math instead of anything else (except foreign languages) – NDEA National Defense and Education Act (1958) was passed to give scholarships to college students in certain fields The Space Race • 1st Satellite in Orbit: USSR: Sputnik : October 1957 • 1st Human in Space: USSR: April 1961 • 1st Man on the Moon: USA: July 1969 Nuclear Testing • Between America and the Soviet Union it’s amazing we all don’t have 2 heads and fins… • In October 1958, both the USSR and USA agreed to suspend underground and atmospheric testing – Though inspections weren’t happening because we hated each other More in the Middle East - Lebanon • Lebanon was more friendly to the West (at this time) than other Mid East countries • Egypt and the communists were threatening Lebanon • Lebanon asked for American aid under the Eisenhower Doctrine and American troops landed to restore order in July 1958 Khrushchev in America - 1959 • Khrushchev wanted a summit conference with Western leaders • Ike invited Khrushchev to America • K spoke to the UN and promised complete disarmament – With no dates or plans… • Meeting at Camp David – nothing happened, but people were happy Nina Kukharchuk (Mrs. Khrushchev), Mamie Eisenhower, Khrushchev, and Ike Bad Times at the Paris Summit Conference (1960) • The U-2 Spy Plane incident had just happened and Ike had to personally apologize • Khrushchev was fuming • Both refused to give up Berlin The United States’ Poor Choices in Latin America • Spent billions on Europe and only millions in Latin America • Did have the CIA lead coup’s – CIA coup ousted a left leaning Guatemalan government in 1954 • Supported Democratic leaders even if they were butchers… – Like Fulgencio Batista in Cuba • Had gotten huge investments of American capital and some government support • At the age of 33, Dr. Fidel Castro began a revolution to take control of Cuba in 1959 – Spoke out against “Yankee imperialists” – Seized land for redistribution – He was a communist… – America stopped importing Cuban sugar – Washington broke diplomatic relations with Cuba in 1961 – 750,000 Anti-Castro Cubans have fled to America between 1960-1990 Here Comes Castro Castro’s Effects on the Americas • US threatened to invoke the Monroe Doctrine because Cuba was allied with USSR, but Khrushchev threatened bombing America • August 1960: America established the Organization of American States to condemn communist infiltration in the Americas – Instituted a minor “Marshall” type plan for Latin America - $500 million • Maybe too little, too late