Download Crises of the Cold War (cont.)

Unit 10 – The New Frontier and Civil Rights (1960-63)
1960 Election
“flexible response”
Sit-ins
- image
Green Berets
- Greensboro
- debates
Peace Corps
- workshops
- results
Berlin Wall
- television
- controversy
- location
SNCC
Kennedy Mystique
- purpose
Freedom Riders
call to service
- symbolic
James Meredith
New Frontier
Fidel Castro
JFK – Civil Rights
Camelot
Bay of Pigs
Birmingham
deficit spending
Cuban Missile Crisis
Warren Court
- “Bull” Conner
- U2
- television
- Church/State
- Berlin / Turkey
- George Wallace
- Civil Rights
- blockade
- Cold War
- rights of accused
- Robert Kennedy
- child protestors
- active court
- test ban treaty
- “unjust laws”
White = Lecture Notes
Yellow = Reading Quiz Notes
Review of Unit 10 Test
A look back at the five most
commonly missed questions from
the 1950s test….
____ 4. Which of the following is NOT a reason that Harry
Truman was so unpopular in the United States when
he left the Presidency in 1953?
a. he had pushed for Civil Rights legislation
b. China had fallen to communism and the Korean
War dragged on
c. he dropped the atomic bombs on Japan to end
the war
d. people in his administration were accused of
being either corrupt or communist
____ 4. Which of the following is NOT a reason that Harry
Truman was so unpopular in the United States when
he left the Presidency in 1953?
a. he had pushed for Civil Rights legislation
b. China had fallen to communism and the Korean
War dragged on
c. he dropped the atomic bombs on Japan to end
the war
d. people in his administration were accused of
being either corrupt or communist
Although Truman DID order the dropping of the atomic
bombs on Japan, it was a POPULAR decisions. The
other three are all things that contributed to him
becoming unpopular.
____10. The movement to suburban life was characterized
by its residents’
a. automation
b. conformity
c. isolation
d. individualism
____10. The movement to suburban life was characterized
by its residents’
a. automation
b. conformity
c. isolation
d. individualism
Life in the suburbs was “keeping up with the Joneses”
where everyone wanted to be like others and also
wanted to do what was “in” including being married
and raising a family.
____ 17. Which of the following did NOT contribute to the
baby boom of the 1950s?
a. the GI Bill allowed those couples delaying
marriage during WWII to now marry and buy
homes
b. birth control finally became readily available
during the 1950s
c. television shows of the 1950s celebrated
parenthood and large families
d. Americans in the 1950s were seen as social
outcasts if they were not married or divorced
____ 17. Which of the following did NOT contribute to the
baby boom of the 1950s?
a. the GI Bill allowed those couples delaying
marriage during WWII to now marry and buy
homes
b. birth control finally became readily available
during the 1950s
c. television shows of the 1950s celebrated
parenthood and large families
d. Americans in the 1950s were seen as social
outcasts if they were not married or divorced
Birth control does not become readily available until
the 1960s, but even so, the availability of birth control
would REDUCE the number of children born, not
contribute to a “baby boom”.
___ 29. “De facto segregation” would most likely be found
in
a. Southern rural areas where blacks could not vote
b. Northern inner cities as a result of “white flight”
c. Southern restaurants prior to the passage of the
Civil Rights Act of 1964
d. In voting districts that were drawn in favor of the
black vote.
___ 29. “De facto segregation” would most likely be found
in
a. Southern rural areas where blacks could not vote
b. Northern inner cities as a result of “white
flight”
c. Southern restaurants prior to the passage of the
Civil Rights Act of 1964
d. In voting districts that were drawn in favor of the
black vote.
A, C, and D were all enforced by Southern “Jim Crow”
laws. De Facto is by conditions and migration
patterns rather than by law.
____ 33. The Southern Manifesto encouraged
a. white Southerners to defy Court rulings
Southerners to enforce all Supreme Court
decisions
c. African Americans to register to vote
d. students to march for civil rights
b.
____ 33. The Southern Manifesto encouraged
a. white Southerners to defy Court rulings
b. Southerners to enforce all Supreme Court
decisions
c. African Americans to register to vote
d. students to march for civil rights
Southern congressmen refused to follow the
desegregation of schools that was made by the Brown
v. Topeka Board of Education decision.
Review for Unit 11 TEST
Ch 23 Sec 1 & 2 and
Ch 24 Sec 2
“The New Frontier
and Civil Rights”
Practice Questions and Study Aides
continued
on next slide
Chapter Objectives
Section 1: The New Frontier
• Summarize Kennedy’s economic policies. 
• Explain why Congress often did not support
Kennedy’s proposals.
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Checking for Understanding
Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on
the left.
__
A 1. belief that the Soviet Union
had more nuclear weapons
than the United States
B 2. investing in BOTH nuclear
__
weapons AND conventional
weapons (not all conflicts can
be solved with atomic bombs)
C 3. a judicial requirement that
__
laws may not treat individuals
unfairly, arbitrarily, or
unreasonably, and that courts
must follow proper
procedures and rules when
trying cases
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A. missile gap
B. flexible response
C. due process
The Election of 1960 (cont.)
How did Kennedy and Nixon stand on the two
main issues of the 1960 presidential election?
The campaign centered on the economy and the
Cold War. The candidates differed little on the
issues. They both promised to boost the economy,
and they were both determined to stop
communism. Kennedy claimed there was a “missile
gap” between the U.S. and the Soviets in
weaponry, in which the U.S. was behind. Nixon
countered that the administration was on the right
track.
(pages 718–719)
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Reviewing Key Facts
How was the 1960 presidential election
a new kind of campaign?
The campaign marked the first time that
television played a major role, including
the televised debate between Kennedy
and Nixon.
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Critical Thinking (cont.)
Evaluating In the 1960 presidential
debate, most radio listeners thought
Nixon had won, while most television
viewers thought Kennedy had. Why
do you think this was so?
Kennedy’s physical appearance and
demeanor made a positive impact on
the television audience. Their reaction
to Nixon’s appearance and demeanor
was negative. Because they could only
hear the candidates, radio listeners had
a different reaction.
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Reviewing Key Facts (cont.)
How close was the outcome of the 1960
presidential election between Nixon and
Kennedy?
Kennedy won the popular vote by only
118,000, with 68 million votes cast. In the
Electoral College, the margin was greater:
303 to 219.
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Geography and History
The map on page 743 of your textbook shows the results of
the presidential election of 1960. Study the map and answer
the questions on the following slides.
Geography and History (cont.)
Interpreting
Maps Which
regions of the
country
supported
Kennedy?
Which regions
supported
Nixon?
Nixon found support in the Midwest and
West, while Kennedy was strong in the
Northeast and some Southern and
Midwestern states.
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Geography and History (cont.)
Applying
Geography
Skills What
would have
happened if
Kennedy had
lost New York
to Nixon?
Nixon would have won the election by
six electoral votes.
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Geography and History (cont.)
Interpreting
Maps What
impact, if any,
would
suspected voter
fraud in Texas
and Illinois have
on the election
results.
Had Nixon won Illinois and Texas he
would of won the Presidency
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The Kennedy Mystique (cont.)
What was the “Kennedy Mystique”?
John Kennedy captured the imagination of
the American public. His youth, optimism,
and charisma inspired Americans. His good
looks, glamorous wife, children, and large
extended family drew great media
coverage.
(pages 719–720)
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The Kennedy Mystique (cont.)
Why was JFK’s legislative agenda referred
to as the “New Frontier”?
He was addressing new issues largely
ignored before, including new approaches
including asking people to perform civil
service, legislation for women’s rights,
urban affairs and insurance for the elderly.
(pages 719–720)
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Reviewing Key Facts (cont.)
What were three measures Kennedy
took to strengthen the economy?
He used deficit spending, invested in
space exploration and defense to create
jobs, and asked businesses to hold down
prices and labor leaders to hold down pay
increase requests.
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Success and Setback on the
Domestic Front (cont.)
How did Kennedy strain his relationship with the
nation’s business community?
Businesses were asked to hold down prices and
labor leaders were asked to hold down pay
increases in an effort to stimulate economic growth.
After several steel industries raised prices,
Kennedy threatened to purchase cheaper steel
from foreign companies. The steel companies
backed down after Kennedy was going to have
them investigated for price fixing.
(pages 720–721)
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Warren Court Reforms (cont.)
Why was the decision of the Warren Court
to reapportion electoral districts so
important?
This shifted political power from rural
conservative areas to urban liberal areas.
It increased the political power of African
Americans and Hispanics who lived in
cities.
(pages 721–723)
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Checking for Understanding (cont.)
Summarize the progress made for
women’s rights during Kennedy’s
administration.
The Presidential Commission on the
Status of Women was created. Gender
discrimination in federal civil service
ended, and the Equal Pay Act was
passed.
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Checking for Understanding (cont.)
Summarize what was the philosophy
behind the development of the Peace
Corps.
Using young Americans to serve
overseas in Third World nations. “Give a
man a fish, he eats for a day, teach a man
to fish he eats for the rest of his life”.
This would also encourage these nations
to resist the temptations of communism.
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Directions: Choose the best answer to the following question.
Which of the following was an effect of a ruling by the Warren
Court?
A
State-mandated Bible readings allowed in schools
B
Extended rights for people accused of crimes
C
Unlawfully seized evidence is admissible at trial
D
Increased state authority at the expense of federal
authority
Test-Taking Tip Use the process of elimination to answer this
question. The Warren Court expanded individual civil liberties and
the power of the judicial branch. Eliminate answers that go against
these ideas.
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Reviewing Themes
Civic Rights and Responsibilities
Name some decisions of the Warren
Court that protected civil rights.
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Reviewing Themes
Civic Rights and Responsibilities
Name some decisions of the Warren
Court that protected due process (rights
of the accused.)
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Reviewing Themes
Civic Rights and Responsibilities
Name some decisions of the Warren
Court that further defined First
Amendment Protections.
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Chapter Objectives
Section 2: JFK and the Cold War
• Describe Kennedy’s plan for the armed
forces. 
• Explain how the Cold War influenced foreign
aid and the space program.
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Checking for Understanding
Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on
the left.
__
B 1. refers to the cold War
competition over dominance
of space exploration capability
__
A 2. the buildup of conventional
troops and weapons to allow
a nation to fight a limited war
without using nuclear
weapons
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A. flexible
response
B. space race
Kennedy Confronts Global
Challenges (cont.)
How did President Kennedy confront the
global challenges he faced?
(pages 724–726)
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Kennedy Confronts Global
Challenges (cont.)
Kennedy supported a “flexible response” where he asked for
a buildup of conventional troops and weapons to allow the
United States to fight a limited style of warfare. Kennedy also
supported the Special Forces, a small army unit established
in the 1950s to wage guerrilla warfare. To improve Latin
American relations, Kennedy proposed the Alliance for
Progress, a series of cooperative aid projects with Latin
American governments. The Peace Corps was created to
help less developed nations fight poverty. The United States
and the Soviet Union engaged in a space race. Kennedy
wanted Americans to be the first to reach the moon. On July
20, 1969, Neal Armstrong made that goal a reality.
(pages 724–726)
Critical Thinking
Interpreting What was the role of
foreign aid in the relations between
the United States and Latin America?
Its role was to help governments stay
in power and prevent Communist
revolutions.
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Checking for Understanding (cont.)
Explain the goals of the Alliance for
Progress.
The goals were to create cooperative aid
projects that helped establish better
schools, improve housing, distribute land
more equitably, and improve health care.
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Reviewing Themes
Science and Technology What was
Kennedy’s goal for the United States
in the space race?
Kennedy’s goal was to beat the Soviets
to the moon. To have a man on the moon
by the end of the decade (1960s)
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Crises of the Cold War (cont.)
Where was the Berlin Wall?
Surrounded West (Democratic) Berlin,
within East (Communist) Germany.
(pages 726–728)
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Crises of the Cold War (cont.)
Who was responsible for building the Berlin
Wall and what was the purpose of it?
The Communists (Nikita Khrushchev)
ordered that the Berlin Wall be built to keep
the communists people (scientists, doctors,
etc.) from escaping to the West.
(pages 726–728)
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Crises of the Cold War (cont.)
Who was Fidel Castro and why did the
Kennedy administration want to “get rid” of
him?
Fidel Castro was a Cuban revolutionary
who led the overthrow of Batista. JFK did
not like him because it allowed communism
to be within 90 miles of Florida and it was
the only communist nation in the Western
Hemisphere.
(pages 726–728)
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Crises of the Cold War (cont.)
Why was the Bay of Pigs a dark moment
for the Kennedy administration?
The action revealed the American plot to
overthrow a neighbor’s government. It
made the United States appear weak and
disorganized.
(pages 726–728)
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Crises of the Cold War (cont.)
Why did Cuba become such a “crisis” in
October 1962?
American U2 surveillance planes
discovered nuclear missiles that would
allow the Russians to have a “first strike”
advantage over the Americans.
(pages 726–728)
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Crises of the Cold War (cont.)
What “options” did Kennedy have when
dealing with the missiles in Cuba?
Air strike – act of war
Land invasion – act of war
Diplomacy – through the UN
Blockade – act of war.
(pages 726–728)
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Crises of the Cold War (cont.)
What two other places in the world
(Europe) had a direct impact on Kennedy’s
decisions during the Cuban Missile Crisis?
Turkey – the location of Jupiter missiles that
JFK had previous ordered removed, but
could not now remove them under threat
from the Soviet Union
Berlin – JFK was fearful of an attack on
Berlin if he took action against Cuba
(pages 726–728)
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Crises of the Cold War (cont.)
What role did Robert Kennedy have in the
Cuban Missile Crisis?
Held constant discussions with Soviet
diplomats in Washington DC.
Advised the President to ignore
Khrushchev's “second letter” which
demanded missiles be removed from
Turkey and instead just promised to never
invade Cuba.
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Reviewing Key Terms
Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on
the left.
__
B 1. the method states use to draw
up political districts based on
changes in population
F 2. general agreement
__
__
D 3. the buildup of conventional
troops and weapons to allow
a nation to fight a limited war
without using nuclear
weapons
__
A 4. belief that the Soviet Union
had more nuclear weapons
than the United States
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A.
missile gap
B.
reapportionment
C.
due process
D.
flexible response
E.
space race
F.
consensus
G.
blockade
Reviewing Key Terms (cont.)
Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on
the left.
__
C 5. a judicial requirement that
laws may not treat individuals
unfairly, arbitrarily, or
unreasonably, and that courts
must follow proper
procedures and rules when
trying cases
A.
missile gap
B.
reapportionment
C.
due process
D.
flexible response
E.
space race
__
E 6. refers to the Cold War
competition over dominance
of space exploration capability
F.
consensus
G.
blockade
__
G 7. to prevent ships from entering
an area, usually resulting in
searching for suspected
goods on board
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Chapter Objectives
Ch 24 Sec 2: Challenging Segregation
• Evaluate the Civil Rights Act of 1964. 
• Summarize the efforts to establish voting rights
for African Americans.
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Checking for Understanding
Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on
the left.
__
D 1. a tax of a fixed amount per person
that had to be paid before the person
could vote
__
A 2. name given to a group of people
who traveled to the South in 1961
to protest the South’s refusal to
integrate bus terminals
__
C 3. a motion which ends debate and
calls for an immediate vote, possible
in the U.S. Senate by a vote of 60
senators
__
B 4. an attempt to kill a bill by having a
group of senators take turns
speaking continuously so that a vote
cannot take place
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A. Freedom
Riders
B. filibuster
C. cloture
D. poll tax
continued
on next slide
The Sit-In Movement (cont.)
Why did the sit-in movement gain attention
of Americans across the nation?
Beginning in Greensboro, NC - the
demonstrators of the sit-ins were verbally
and physically abused, yet they remained
peaceful and committed to non-violent
resistance.
(pages 753–754)
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SNCC (cont.)
What was the role of the SNCC in the civil
rights movement?
The group led student sit-ins to
desegregate public facilities in Southern
communities.
Since they were young they were able to
commit to the movement without the
responsibilities of school, work or family.
(page 754)
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The Freedom Riders (cont.)
What happened when the Freedom Riders
arrived in Anniston, Birmingham, and
Montgomery, Alabama?
Angry mobs of white people attacked the
Freedom Riders, throwing rocks and slitting
the bus tires. In Birmingham, the riders
were met by a gang that beat them.
(pages 754–755)
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John F. Kennedy and Civil Rights
(cont.)
Why did President Kennedy not take
immediate action when violence erupted
against the Freedom Riders?
Kennedy was meeting with Soviet leader
Nikita Khrushchev, and he did not want
the violence in the South to make the
United States seem weak and divided.
(pages 755–757)
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Geography and History
The map on page 769 of your textbook shows routes of
Freedom Riders. Study the map and answer the questions
on the following slides.
Geography and History (cont.)
Interpreting Maps
Which states did the
Freedom Riders
travel through?
What was their final
destination?
The Freedom Riders
traveled through
Maryland, Virginia,
North Carolina, South Carolina,
Georgia, and Alabama. Their
final destination was Jackson, Mississippi.
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Geography and History (cont.)
Applying
Geography Skills
Why do you think
the Freedom Riders
faced protests
during this trip?
The Freedom Riders
faced protests
because they wanted
to desegregate
society.
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Reviewing Themes
Science and Technology How did
television help the civil rights
movement?
Television brought national attention
to the civil rights movement.
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Reviewing Themes
What role, if any, did the Civil Rights
movement have on the Cold War?
The coverage of the Civil Rights
movement “embarrassed” the
United States around the world and
turned off a lot of Third World
nations to the “freedoms” of
democracy and appealed them to
the “classless system” of
communism.
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