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Chapter 14
The Height of Imperialism
1800-1914
Section 1
Colonial Rule in Southeast Asia
 European
states in 1880s
had a fever for
overseas
territory
Power is not enough. You always
want more.

What is the extension
of a nation’s power
over other lands
known as….
Imperialism
New Imperialism
Europeans under the
new imperialism idea
sought to …..
 Have direct control
over vast territories

Rivals..
European affairs grew
tense…
 States sought to
acquire territory
abroad why?
 To gain an advantage
over their rivals

Responsibility?

Europeans
defended their
imperialistic
ventures because
they had a moral
responsibility to
civilize primitive
people
City of the Lion
In 1819, Great
Britain founded a
colony on
Singapore
(“city of the lion”).
 Singapore soon
became a major
port to and from
China.

Britain

Britain wanted control
of what area to
protect its
possessions in India?
Burma
Vietnam
France in an attempt
to stop Britain from
moving into Vietnam
in 1857
 The French forced the
Vietnamese to accept
….
 French protection
 protectorate

The last one standing

After France
conquered Indochina,
Thailand was the only
remaining….
Free State
Why Thailand?

Two remarkable
rulers prevented the
takeover– King
Mongkut and his son
King
Chulalongkorn.
Both promoted
friendly relations with
the West and Western
learning.
McKinley’s rule
 President
William
McKinley decided
to make what
country into an
American
colony…
Philippines
Emilio Aguinaldo,
the leader of an
independence
movement.
 His guerrilla forces
fought against the
Spanish and the
United States, who
defeated the
guerrillas.


The United States
naval forces under
Commodore
George Dewey
defeated the
Spanish in Manila
Bay in the
Philippines.
Indirectly you can rule your land
In Indirect Rule local
rulers were allowed to
..
 Maintain their
positions of authority

Elites always cause problems
When local elites resisted the foreign
conquest, ….
 Direct Rule was enacted removing
local rulers from power

It’s a matter of policy
Colonial policy
stressed…
 The export of raw
materials as opposed
to encouraging
homegrown industries

Le resistance
 Leaders
of resistance to colonial rule
were often the westernized…
 Intellectuals in the cities
Section 2
Empire Building in Africa
5 finger discount of Africa
Which 5 European
countries placed all of
Africa under European
control b/w 1880 and
1900?
 Great
Britain
 France
 Germany
 Belgium
 Portugal
Muhammad Ali
Muhammad Ali was a
ruler in Egypt.
 He ruled for 30 years.
 He made the following
reforms:
 Modernized the army
 Set a public school
system
 Helped create small
industries in sugar,
textiles, muntions, and
ships

Great Britain always has to have a
say in the matter
Britain believed that
the Suez Canal…
 Was their lifeline to
India
 Built in 1854, by
Ferdinand de Lesseps,
a Frenchman.

1879 France wins… for once

France established
control of what North
African country?
Algeria

Italy tried to gain
control in Africa in
1896, but were
humiliated by what
country?
Ethiopia

Italy tried again in
1911 and lost.
Rock-cut church of
Bet Giorgi, Lalibela,
Ethiopia
King Leopold II of Belgium
King Leo of Belgium
colonized Central
Africa..
 Sorta…
 He hired Henry
Stanley to set up
Belgium settlements
in the Congo

What would a turkey say to the
person carving it up?



What role did African
delegates at the Berlin
Conference have as the
Europeans were carving
up their continent?
No African delegates
were present. **trick
question
Germany, Britain and
Portugal sent
representatives.
God has a preference to race?
The Boers believed
that God ordained
what in relation to
race differences?
 They believed that
whites had superiority
over black people and
God ordained it.

Racism leads to war
The Boers frequently
battled the Zulu,
an indigenous people.
 The Zulu had risen to
prominence under
their great ruler,
Shaka.
 Later the British
defeated the Zulu.

One of the goals of
Cecil Rhodes was…
 To create a series of
British colonies
connected by a
railroad

He named the
territory north of the
Transvaal Rhodesia,
after himself.
 Rhodes’s ambitions
led to his downfall in
1896.

1914 there were two, only two
Two African countries
were free
independent states in
1914. They were…
 Liberia and
 Ethiopia

Section 3
British Rule in India
The “gap”
There exists a gap
between theory and
practice in colonial
policy….
 Westerners had
exalted democracy,
equality and political
freedom but did not
apply these values in
the colonies

British no Indian, wait I’m
confused
To rule India, the
British East India
Company had its own
soldiers and forts.
 It also hired Indian
soldiers, called
sepoys, to protect
the company’s
interests.

Rebellion



In 1857, Indians revolted
against the British.
Sepoy Mutiny, or Great
Rebellion, to the British,
and as the First War of
Independence to the
Indians.
The immediate cause was
the rumor that the British
were passing out bullets
greased with cow and pig
fat
Kanpur
At Kanpur, Indians
with swords and
knives massacred two
hundred defenseless
women and children.
 When they recaptured
Kanpur, the
British took their
revenge.

The Government takes control


As a result of the Sepoy
uprising, the British
Parliament transferred
the powers of the British
East India Company to
the British government.
In 1876, Queen Victoria
acquired the title of
Empress of India.

The British
government ruled
India directly through
a British official
known as a viceroy–
a governor who rules
as a representative of
a monarch.
Benefits of British rule
One benefit was that Britain brought order
to a society wracked by civil war.
 It also led to a fairly honest government.
 Lord Thomas Macaulay set up a new
school system.
 The goal of the new system was to train
Indian children to work in the colonial
administrative system and the army

Costs of British rule
The new system served only upper-class
Indians; 90 percent of the country
remained illiterate.
 Perhaps the greatest cost to the Indians of
British rule was economic.
 British manufactured goods destroyed
local industries
 The British showed disrespect for Indian
culture

Reform movement
Many came from
urban areas such as
Mumbai (then called
Bombay) and
Calcutta.
 The slow pace of
reform convinced
most Indian
nationalists they had
to do more

Indian National Congress
In 1885, a small
group of Indians
formed the Indian
National Congress
(INC).
 At first it called only
for a share in the
governing process.
 A split between
Hindus and Muslims
plagued the INC

Gandhi





1915
Mohandas Gandhi
While working at a law
firm in South Africa
Gandhi became aware of
racial exploitation.
Gandhi turned the Indian
independence movement
into one of nonviolent
resistance.
The aim was to win aid
for the poor and
independence.
Section 4
Nation Building in Latin America
Social Classes in Latin America
Social classes based on privilege divided
colonial Latin America.
 The top level, the peninsulares, held the
important positions.
 Creoles (descendants of Europeans born
in Latin America who lived there
permanently) controlled land and
businesses

Social classes cont.
Mestizos, the largest segment, worked
as servants or laborers.
 The creole elites were especially
influenced by revolutionary ideals.
 They especially resented the
peninsulares–Spanish and Portuguese
officials who resided temporarily in Latin
America

Haiti


Led by ToussaintLouverture 100,000
slaves rose in revolt and
seized contol of the island
of Hispaniola this took
place before the main
independence
movements began.
In 1804, the area now
called Haiti became the
first independent state in
Latin America.
Miguel Hidalgo
Mexico -1810
 Miguel Hidalgo was
the first hero of the
Mexican
independence
 Inspired by the
French Revolution, he
urged the mestizos
to free themselves
from the Spanish


September 16, the
first day of the
uprising, is Mexico’s
Independence Day.
Mexico becomes a republic
In 1821, Mexico
declared its
independence from
Spain.
 The creole military
leader Agustín de
Iturbide named
himself emperor in
1822, deposed in
1823
 Mexico became a
republic.

Elsewhere in Latin America


–José de San Martín of
Argentina and Simón
Bolívar of Venezuela–are
considered the liberators
of South America.
San Martín believed the
Spanish had to be
removed from all of
South America if any
South American nation
was to be free.

The United States
president, James
Monroe, issued the
Monroe Doctrine,
which warned against
European involvement
in Latin America and
guaranteed the
independence of the
new Latin American
nations
Power voids lead to powerful
leaders



The new nations began
as republics, but soon
strong leaders known as
caudillos came to power.
They ruled by force, and
the landed elite
supported them.
Mexican ruler Antonio
López de Santa Anna.
Santa Anna’s mistake



In 1835, American
settlers in Texas revolted
against him.
Texas gained its
independence in 1836;
war between Mexico and
the United States soon
followed (1846 to 1848).
Mexico lost almost onehalf of its territory
From zero to hero

Santa Anna’s
disastrous rule was
followed by a period
of reform, dominated
by Benito Juárez, a
reformer and national
hero
The U.S. way

The United States’s
intervention in Latin
America led to the
building of the
Panama Canal
(opened in 1914).
After the Spanish American War
Cuba became a
United States
protectorate and
Puerto Rico was
annexed to the United
States.
In 1903, the United
States supported a
rebellion that allowed
Panama to be free
American interests abroad
Beginning in 1898,
military forces were
sent into Latin
America to protect
American interests.
 The United States
Marines were in Haiti
from 1915 to 1934,
and Nicaragua was
occupied from 1909
to 1933.

Mexican Revolution




The dictator Porfirio Díaz
ruled Mexico between
1877 and 1911 with the
support of the army, the
Catholic Church, the
aristocrats, and foreign
capitalists.
Emiliano Zapata
demanded agrarian
reform.
Between 1910 and 1920,
the Mexican Revolution
raged.
A new constitution 1917