Download Causes of the Cold War (cont.)

US History
Semester 2 Review
Stages of US Involvement in WWII
1. Neutrality – stay out (1935-1939)
European policy of appeasement!!!
2. Assistance – help allies with weapons
and cash “Arsenal of Democracy”(19391941)
3. Involvement – Pearl Harbor 1941
Strategy – defeat Germany 1st , Japan 2nd
Manhattan Project = Atomic Bomb
Atomic bomb dropped to save American lives!
Causes of the Cold War
Long-Range Causes
• Both the United States and the Soviet Union believe
their economic and political systems are superior.
• Defeat of Germany creates a power vacuum in Europe
and leaves U.S. and Soviet
forces occupying
parts of Europe.
• The U.S. wants to rebuild
Europe’s economy and support
democratic governments to
ensure peace and security.
Causes of the Cold War (cont.)
Long-Range Causes
• The USSR wants Germany weak and believes nations
on its border should have Communist governments to
ensure they remain friendly.
Causes of the Cold War (cont.)
Immediate Causes
• George Kennan sends the Long Telegram to U.S.
officials, explaining that the Soviets need to be
contained. *Policy of Containment*
• Soviets send aid to Communist rebels in Greece and
demand Turkey share control
of the Dardanelles with the
USSR; Truman issues the
Truman Doctrine and sends
aid to Greece and Turkey.
Effects of the Cold War
Effects in Europe
• U.S. launches the Marshall Plan to rebuild Europe.
• Germany is divided into two separate nations.
• The USSR blockades Berlin; U.S. organizes the Berlin
Airlift.
• The U.S. creates NATO;
the USSR creates the
Warsaw Pact.
Effects of the Cold War (cont.)
Global Effects
• When China falls to communism, the U.S. responds by
helping Japan build up its economy and military.
• When Communist North Korea invades South Korea,
the U.S. organizes an
international force to stop
the invasion.
Effects of the Cold War (cont.)
Effects on the United States
• Soviet spies are arrested.
• A new Red Scare leads to laws restricting the
Communist Party in the U.S. and to investigations by
the House Un-American
Activities Committee and
Senator Joseph McCarthy.
• Americans practice civil
defense; some build bomb
shelters.
The Prosperity of the 1950s
Economy and Society
• The GI Bill provided funds and loans
to millions of war veterans.
• Consumer spending
increased rapidly.
• More Americans owned homes
than ever before.
The Prosperity of the 1950s
Population Patterns
• The U.S. population experienced
a “baby boom.”
• Millions of Americans moved out of
cities to the suburbs.
Science, Technology, and Medicine
• Improvements in communication, transportation, and
electronics allowed Americans to work more efficiently.
• Medical breakthroughs included the polio vaccine,
antibiotics, and treatments for tuberculosis, cancer, and
heart disease.
The Prosperity of the 1950s
Popular Culture
• New forms of music, radio, cinema,
and literature emerged.
• Television replaced movies and
radio as the nation’s new and
most popular form of mass media.
The Problems of the 1950s
Popular Culture
• Not everyone could afford to buy
the new consumer goods available,
such as televisions.
• African Americans and other
minorities were, for the most part,
not depicted on television.
• Many television programs promoted stereotypical
gender roles.
Crises of the Cold War
• The first crisis occurred in Cuba, only 90
miles from American shores.
• Fidel Castro overthrew the corrupt Cuban
dictator Fulgencio Batista in 1959.
• Castro then established ties with the
Soviet Union.
The Cuban Missile Crisis, October 1962
Crises of the Cold War (cont.)
• Fearing that the Soviets would use Cuba as a
base from which to spread revolution
throughout the Western Hemisphere,
Eisenhower had authorized the CIA to secretly
train and arm a group of Cuban exiles, known
as La Brigada, to invade the island.
• The invasion was a disaster and the Bay of
Pigs was a dark moment for the
Kennedy administration.
The Cuban Missile Crisis, October 1962
Crises of the Cold War (cont.)
• Khrushchev wanted to stop the flood of
Germans pouring out of Communist East
Germany into West Berlin.
• Kennedy refused to withdraw from West
Berlin, so Khrushchev built the Berlin Wall.
Crises of the Cold War (cont.)
• On October 22, 1962 Kennedy announced
on television that spy planes had taken aerial
photographs showing that the Soviet Union
had placed long-range missiles in Cuba.
• After a flurry of secret negotiations, the Soviet
Union offered to remove the missiles if the
United States promised not to invade Cuba
and to remove its missiles from Turkey.
Crises of the Cold War (cont.)
• In August 1963 the two countries concluded
years of negotiation by agreeing to a treaty
that banned testing nuclear weapons in the
atmosphere.
• On November 22, 1963, Lee Harvey Oswald
shot and killed JFK.
• Jack Ruby then killed Lee Harvey Oswald
two days later.
Crises of the Cold War (cont.)
• The report of the Warren Commission left
some questions about the assassination
unanswered, and theories about a
conspiracy to kill the president have
persisted.
The Great Society
• After his election, Johnson began working
with Congress to create the “Great Society”
he had promised during his campaign.
• Major goals also were achieved through the
Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting
Rights Act of 1965.
What Was the Great Society?
The Great Society (cont.)
• Johnson’s ambitious vision encompassed
more than 60 programs that were initiated
between 1965 and 1968.
• Among the most significant programs were
Medicare and Medicaid.
• The Elementary and Secondary Education
Act of 1965 granted millions of dollars to
public and private schools.
• Project Head Start and Upward Bound were
two other education programs.
C & E Trans
Origins of the Civil Rights Movement
Long-Range Causes
• Widespread racial segregation in the
American South
• Lack of voting rights for African
Americans in the American South
Immediate Causes
• The arrival of large numbers of African
Americans in the North after the
Great Migration gives them increased
political influence and greater voting power.
Origins of the Civil Rights Movement
• African American contributions during
World War II lead many African
Americans to believe it is time to take
action to demand change.
• NAACP strategy of using lawsuits to
weaken segregation scores a major
victory in 1954 with the
Brown v. Board of Education ruling.
• African American churches serve as organizational
bases, and pastors rally African Americans and
organize protests.
Major Events of the
Civil Rights Movement
• African American community in
Montgomery, Alabama, led by
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.,
organizes the Montgomery
bus boycott.
• African American students are
blocked from entering Little Rock High
School. President Eisenhower sends in federal
troops and asks Congress to pass the Civil Rights Act
of 1957.
Major Events of the
Civil Rights Movement
• Sit-ins begin in Greensboro, and
soon young people are staging
sit-ins across the South to integrate
public facilities.
• Freedom Riders end segregation
on interstate bus travel.
• Martin Luther King, Jr., leads a march in Birmingham,
then a March on Washington to support the Civil Rights
Act of 1964.
Major Events of the
Civil Rights Movement
• Martin Luther King, Jr., leads a
march in Selma to pressure
Congress to pass the Voting Rights
Act of 1965.
Major Results of the Civil Rights
Movement
• Civil Rights Act of 1957
• Civil Rights Act of 1964
• Voting Rights Act of 1965
• Civil Rights Act of 1968
• End of legal segregation in schools and public facilities
Major Results of the Civil Rights
Movement
• Restoration of voting rights
for African Americans
• Ban on discrimination
based on race in the
workplace
• Increased federal power to protect civil rights
Causes of the Vietnam War
• During World War II, the United
States helps the people of Indochina
fight the Japanese, who had invaded
the region.
• After World War II, France refuses
to give independence to the people
of Indochina and sends troops to
reestablish control.
• Led by Ho Chi Minh, the Vietminh fight the French. Ho
Chi Minh wants Vietnam to be independent but also
wants to build a Communist society in Vietnam.
Causes of the Vietnam War
• Concerned about the spread of
communism, President Eisenhower
sends aid to help the French retain
control in Vietnam.
• After losing the battle of Dien Bien
Phu, France pulls out of Vietnam.
The Geneva Accords create North
and South Vietnam.
• Ho Chi Minh becomes the leader of North Vietnam and
makes it a Communist nation allied with the USSR and
China. North Vietnam begins arming guerrillas to fight
the South Vietnamese government.
Causes of the Vietnam War
• American leaders become worried
that a “domino effect” might cause all
of Southeast Asia to fall to
communism if South Vietnam falls.
• President Kennedy sharply increases
military aid to South Vietnam.
• President Johnson escalates U.S.
involvement and gains war powers
after the Gulf of Tonkin incident.
Effects of the Vietnam War
• Americans applaud President
Johnson’s response to a Vietcong
attack with aggressive air strikes.
• United States commits over
380,000 ground troops to fighting
in Vietnam by the end of 1966.
• American people question the government’s honesty
about the war, creating the so-called “credibility gap.”
• The war casualties and the unfair draft system cause
civil unrest.
Effects of the Vietnam War
• The wartime economy hurts
domestic spending for programs
such as the Great Society.
• President Nixon is elected largely
on promises to end the war and
unite a divided country.
• Congress passes the War Powers Act
to limit the power of the president
during wartime.
Causes of the New Protest Movements
• Earlier “beat” movement
questioned American values.
• The successes of African
Americans’ fight for civil rights
demonstrated to other groups that
change was possible if people
demanded change.
• Many in the baby boom generation
became frustrated with society as
they entered college and began to
advocate social reform.
Causes of the New Protest Movements
• The Vietnam War and the draft
led many students to join protests.
• Women began to question their
position in postwar society.
Betty Friedan’s book The Feminine
Mystique influenced many
young women.
• The Kennedy administration began
to pay attention to women’s issues,
passing the Equal Pay Act and
creating the President’s Commission
on the Status of Women.
Effects of the New Protest Movements
• New student groups, including
Students for a Democratic
Society (SDS), were formed.
Court cases affirmed student rights
to free speech on campus.
• New women’s groups, such as the National
Organization for Women (NOW), emerged. They fought
for equal economic rights in the workplace and in
society; they demanded equal opportunities in
education.
• A campaign began for the Equal Rights Amendment,
but the amendment was not ratified.