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United States and Canada History and Government Early History: United States • Ancestors of America’s native tribes – Settle 14,000 years ago – Iced Land bridge (between Alaska and Russia) – Looking for fertile land and food (migrated south) • New research – Earlier travels to Alaska. Canada, and possibly Southern parts of North America Early History: United States • Spanish Exploration – Claimed parts of Florida to California • England – Late comer to settle in North America – Settled along the east coast (original 13 colonies) • French – Major river systems • Great lakes • Mississippi River Basin Colonial History: United States • Early 1600’s – 13 colonies – Settled along navigable rivers and harbors – Puritans, Pilgrims, lost colony of Roanoke, Jamestown • 1619 – Arrival of enslaved Africans (southern colonies) Colonial History: United States • South: – Climates ideal for tobacco, rice, and cotton – Fertile soil – Plantations (large and Small) • North – Centers of trade, Shipbuilding , Fishing • Lumber was an important resource Colonial History: Relationships change • Restrictions imposed by England – Colonies ship raw materials to England – England sends manufactured goods to colonies for purchase • Colonies developed more of a democratic way of life • England begins to lose its grip – Smuggling in Colonies (John Hancock) – Sent goods to Dutch and Spanish ports to avoid taxes – Tightens control with more taxes • Colonist begin a boycott • Boston Tea Party Colonial History: Relationships change • 1776: Declaration of Independence – Each person who signed the document committed treason against the crown • Rebellion against colonial rule begins • Revolutionary war: Commander of the Army George Washington A New Beginning • Convention to create a new government for the United States – Articles of Confederation (1st constitution) • Flawed • United States Constitution is written creating the new government system Constitution The Constitution • Sets up the Six basic principles • Lays out the framework and procedures • Sets limits for the government Characteristics of the Constitution • 7,000 words • Introduction: Preamble • 7 articles – 1-3 deal with three branches of National Government – 4: place of states in the Union – 5: Adding amendments – 6: Declares Constitution Supreme Law – 7: Ratification of the Constitution Section Preamble Subject States the purpose of the Constitution Article I Legislative branch Article II Executive branch Article III Judicial branch Article IV Relations among the States and with the National Government Amending the Constitution Article V Article VI Article VII National debts, supremacy of national law, and oaths of office Ratifying the Constitution Six Basic Principles • • • • • • Popular Sovereignty Limited Government Separation of Powers Checks and Balances Judicial Review Federalism Popular Sovereignty • All political power resides in the People • Source of any and ALL power • Govern with the Consent of the people • Present in Preamble – WE the PEOPLE of the United States of America Limited Government • No Government is ALL-Powerful – May only do those thing the people have given the power to do • Government MUST OBEY the LAW – Constitutionalism: government must be conducted according to constitutional principles • Rule of Law: always subject too – never above – the law • 1st Amendment Separation of Powers • Presidential system • Legislature – Congress – Law Making Branch • Executive – President – Law-executing, enforcing, administering Branch • Judicial – Courts – Interpret and apply the laws Separation of POWERS Checks and Balances • Although Separate…..they are TIED together • Subjected to Constitutional CHECKS by other branches A New Beginning • Constitution – Est. Federal System of Government • Power is divided b/w local, state, and national governments – Gov’t of Checks and Balances • Executive Branch (president) • Legislative Branch (congress) • Judicial Branch (Courts) Checks and Balances • Worked as the Framers planned – Prevented an unjust combination of the majority • Has created some gridlock between Congress and President • Today: Democratic President but Democrats are losing ground in Congress (republican majority in Senate) Judicial Review • Power of courts to determine whether what the government does is in accord with what the Constitution provides • Power of the Courts to determine constitutionality of a governmental action – Unconstitutional = illegal, null and void, violated some provision in the Constitution Judicial Review • Intended for Supreme Court to have the power • Federalist no. 78: – Alexander Hamilton – Independent judges would proved to be “an essential safeguard against the effects of occasional ill humors in society.” • Federalist no. 51 – James Madison – Judicial power one of the “auxiliary precautions” against the possible dominance of one branch of government over another • Judicial Review established: – Marbury v. Madison (1803) • Most cases: the action of government are found to be constitutional • Federalism • The division of power among central government and regional governments • How to build a new, stronger national government while preserving States and the concept of local self government • Colonists had fought for the right to manage local affairs • Used as a compromise Moving toward the future • 1800’s immigrants migrated westward – Better farmland – Crossed the Miss. River settling as far as the Pacific Ocean • Discovery of Gold in Cali. – 49ers • Few settled in the mountains and desert regions • Great American Desert (plains) Moving into the West • Gov’t encourages settlement in west – Created conflict with Native tribes – Natives considered land to be sacred (not to be owned) – Natives were pushed further west • Reservations • Many die: war and disease Economic Development in a Young Country • North: – Industrialization – Railroads • South: – Tobacco and cotton – Plantations: produced on major crop – Used slave labor • Economic differences led to the Civil War – – – – – Brother v. brother Countrymen v. countrymen War lasted from 1861-1865 North defeated the South Slavery ended Post Civil War • New technology – Lead to further expansion west • Transcontinental railroad (completed in 1869) • allowed major cities to develop away from navigable rivers – Agricultural machinery • Produce more food • Better irrigation plans • Settlement began in the Great American Desert The New Century: 1900’s • Major economic, social, and technological changes • World War I – 1917-1918 • Great Depression – 1930’s • World War II – 1941-1945 The New Superpower • Cold War – US and Russia – Lasted until 1989 – Cuban Missile Crisis • • Assassination of JFK Vietnam Conflict – 1960’s Hippie movement • 1980’s – Ronald Regan – New growth • 1990’s – 1991: Gulf War – New technologies (computers, WWW) • 2000’s – New war on Terror (9/11, war in Iraq and Afghanistan) – Economic challenges Our Neighbor to the North: Canada • Like US natives were forced across Canada • Vikings – Visited 1000-1300 c.e. – Left no permanent settlements • John Cabot (English) – Explored Newfoundland Our neighbor to the North: Canada • Jacques Cartier (France) – Traveled the St. Lawrence River – Up to Present day Montreal • Three goals of the French – Northwest Passage to Asia – Exploit fishing grounds and fur trading – Convert Natives to Roman Catholicism French Establishments • 1608: permanent settlements (present day Quebec – Farming along St. Lawrence River • 1713 – Great Britain took over Nova Scotia • Forced French to leave • War with France – 1763: Britain wins all of French Canada – Provinces are est. Revolution in the South • Revolution in the South increases British Settlement – Colonist leave the US so they could stay under British control • Canada’s population grows in the 1800’s – Immigration Self Government • 1867 Britain grants self government – Dominions • • • • Ontario Quebec Nova Scotia New Brunswick – 1870’s: British Columbia, Manitoba, and Prince Edward Island – 1905: Alberta and Saskatchewan – 1949: Newfoundland and Labrador