Download United States and Canada

United States and
Canada
History and Government
Early History: United States
• Ancestors of America’s
native tribes
– Settle 14,000 years ago
– Iced Land bridge (between
Alaska and Russia)
– Looking for fertile land and
food (migrated south)
• New research
– Earlier travels to Alaska.
Canada, and possibly
Southern parts of North
America
Early History: United States
• Spanish Exploration
– Claimed parts of Florida to
California
• England
– Late comer to settle in
North America
– Settled along the east
coast (original 13 colonies)
• French
– Major river systems
• Great lakes
• Mississippi River Basin
Colonial History: United States
• Early 1600’s
– 13 colonies
– Settled along
navigable rivers and
harbors
– Puritans, Pilgrims, lost
colony of Roanoke,
Jamestown
• 1619
– Arrival of enslaved
Africans (southern
colonies)
Colonial History: United States
• South:
– Climates ideal for tobacco,
rice, and cotton
– Fertile soil
– Plantations (large and
Small)
• North
– Centers of trade,
Shipbuilding , Fishing
• Lumber was an important
resource
Colonial History:
Relationships change
• Restrictions imposed by
England
– Colonies ship raw materials to
England
– England sends manufactured
goods to colonies for purchase
• Colonies developed more of a
democratic way of life
• England begins to lose its grip
– Smuggling in Colonies (John
Hancock)
– Sent goods to Dutch and
Spanish ports to avoid taxes
– Tightens control with more
taxes
• Colonist begin a boycott
• Boston Tea Party
Colonial History:
Relationships change
• 1776: Declaration of
Independence
– Each person who signed
the document committed
treason against the crown
• Rebellion against colonial
rule begins
• Revolutionary war:
Commander of the Army
George Washington
A New Beginning
• Convention to create
a new government for
the United States
– Articles of
Confederation (1st
constitution)
• Flawed
• United States
Constitution is written
creating the new
government system
Constitution
The Constitution
• Sets up the Six basic
principles
• Lays out the
framework and
procedures
• Sets limits for the
government
Characteristics of the Constitution
• 7,000 words
• Introduction: Preamble
• 7 articles
– 1-3 deal with three branches of National
Government
– 4: place of states in the Union
– 5: Adding amendments
– 6: Declares Constitution Supreme Law
– 7: Ratification of the Constitution
Section
Preamble
Subject
States the purpose of the Constitution
Article I
Legislative branch
Article II
Executive branch
Article III
Judicial branch
Article IV
Relations among the States and with the National
Government
Amending the Constitution
Article V
Article VI
Article VII
National debts, supremacy of national law, and oaths of
office
Ratifying the Constitution
Six Basic Principles
•
•
•
•
•
•
Popular Sovereignty
Limited Government
Separation of Powers
Checks and Balances
Judicial Review
Federalism
Popular Sovereignty
• All political power
resides in the People
• Source of any and
ALL power
• Govern with the
Consent of the people
• Present in Preamble
– WE the PEOPLE of the
United States of America
Limited Government
• No Government is ALL-Powerful
– May only do those thing the people have given the
power to do
• Government MUST OBEY the LAW
– Constitutionalism: government must be conducted
according to constitutional principles
• Rule of Law: always subject too – never above –
the law
• 1st Amendment
Separation of Powers
• Presidential system
• Legislature
– Congress
– Law Making Branch
• Executive
– President
– Law-executing, enforcing,
administering Branch
• Judicial
– Courts
– Interpret and apply the
laws
Separation of POWERS
Checks and Balances
• Although
Separate…..they are
TIED together
• Subjected to
Constitutional
CHECKS by other
branches
A New Beginning
• Constitution
– Est. Federal System of
Government
• Power is divided b/w
local, state, and
national governments
– Gov’t of Checks and
Balances
• Executive Branch
(president)
• Legislative Branch
(congress)
• Judicial Branch (Courts)
Checks and Balances
• Worked as the Framers planned
– Prevented an unjust combination of the
majority
• Has created some gridlock between
Congress and President
• Today: Democratic President but
Democrats are losing ground in Congress
(republican majority in Senate)
Judicial Review
• Power of courts to
determine whether what
the government does is in
accord with what the
Constitution provides
• Power of the Courts to
determine
constitutionality of a
governmental action
– Unconstitutional = illegal,
null and void, violated
some provision in the
Constitution
Judicial Review
• Intended for Supreme Court to have the power
• Federalist no. 78:
– Alexander Hamilton
– Independent judges would proved to be “an essential safeguard
against the effects of occasional ill humors in society.”
• Federalist no. 51
– James Madison
– Judicial power one of the “auxiliary precautions” against the
possible dominance of one branch of government over another
• Judicial Review established:
– Marbury v. Madison (1803)
• Most cases: the action of government are found to be
constitutional
•
Federalism
• The division of power among central
government and regional governments
• How to build a new, stronger national
government while preserving States and
the concept of local self government
• Colonists had fought for the right to
manage local affairs
• Used as a compromise
Moving toward the future
• 1800’s immigrants
migrated westward
– Better farmland
– Crossed the Miss. River
settling as far as the Pacific
Ocean
• Discovery of Gold in Cali.
– 49ers
• Few settled in the
mountains and desert
regions
• Great American Desert
(plains)
Moving into the West
• Gov’t encourages
settlement in west
– Created conflict
with Native tribes
– Natives considered
land to be sacred
(not to be owned)
– Natives were
pushed further west
• Reservations
• Many die: war and
disease
Economic Development
in a Young Country
• North:
– Industrialization
– Railroads
• South:
– Tobacco and cotton
– Plantations: produced on
major crop
– Used slave labor
• Economic differences led to
the Civil War
–
–
–
–
–
Brother v. brother
Countrymen v. countrymen
War lasted from 1861-1865
North defeated the South
Slavery ended
Post Civil War
• New technology
– Lead to further expansion
west
• Transcontinental railroad
(completed in 1869)
• allowed major cities to
develop away from
navigable rivers
– Agricultural machinery
• Produce more food
• Better irrigation plans
• Settlement began in the
Great American Desert
The New Century: 1900’s
• Major economic,
social, and
technological
changes
• World War I
– 1917-1918
• Great Depression
– 1930’s
• World War II
– 1941-1945
The New Superpower
•
Cold War
– US and Russia
– Lasted until 1989
– Cuban Missile Crisis
•
•
Assassination of JFK
Vietnam Conflict
– 1960’s Hippie movement
•
1980’s
– Ronald Regan
– New growth
•
1990’s
– 1991: Gulf War
– New technologies (computers,
WWW)
•
2000’s
– New war on Terror (9/11, war in
Iraq and Afghanistan)
– Economic challenges
Our Neighbor to the North: Canada
• Like US natives were
forced across Canada
• Vikings
– Visited 1000-1300 c.e.
– Left no permanent
settlements
• John Cabot (English)
– Explored
Newfoundland
Our neighbor to the North: Canada
• Jacques Cartier (France)
– Traveled the St. Lawrence
River
– Up to Present day Montreal
• Three goals of the French
– Northwest Passage to Asia
– Exploit fishing grounds and
fur trading
– Convert Natives to Roman
Catholicism
French Establishments
• 1608: permanent
settlements (present day
Quebec
– Farming along St.
Lawrence River
• 1713
– Great Britain took over
Nova Scotia
• Forced French to leave
• War with France
– 1763: Britain wins all of
French Canada
– Provinces are est.
Revolution in the South
• Revolution in the
South increases
British Settlement
– Colonist leave the US
so they could stay
under British control
• Canada’s population
grows in the 1800’s
– Immigration
Self Government
• 1867 Britain grants self
government
– Dominions
•
•
•
•
Ontario
Quebec
Nova Scotia
New Brunswick
– 1870’s: British Columbia,
Manitoba, and Prince
Edward Island
– 1905: Alberta and
Saskatchewan
– 1949: Newfoundland and
Labrador