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WWII: The Aftermath Prelude to a cold war… CCOT CAP 262-272 732-745 • The Cold War dominated much of American and Soviet foreign and domestic policy during the latter-half of the twentieth century. • How did the Cold War manifest itself - socially, culturally, and politically, from 1945 to the present? Massive Loss of Life Over 60 million people died (compared to 15 million in WWI) • 2/3rds of deaths civilian • 21.3 million Russians (7.7 million civilians) • 11 million died as a result of the HOLOCAUST (6 million Jews + 5 million others) Nuremberg Trials (Crimes against humanity) • November 1945 • 24 leading Nazis put on trial for crimes against humanity. • 12 received the death sentence. • Also established “I was only following orders” was not a viable defense. Japanese War Crimes Bio-Chemical Experiments General Yamashita General Hideki Tojo Creation of the U.N. • Agreed on during the Yalta Conference. • The hope was to create an international body to prevent future global conflicts. • Why do you think the U.S. joined the U.N. unlike its refusal to join the League of Nations after WWI? New Leaders: 8 Future Presidents were veterans of WWII Decolonization The Cold War 19451991 (is it reviving?) After World War II the Cold War began and caused tension throughout the world. • The USA and the USSR were the two world Superpowers. • The USA was a capitalist society with a democracy. • The USSR was a communist country with a dictatorship. • Both wanted to be the most powerful nation in the world. After World War 2, the world changed! • Many countries became communist after World War 2 including: - Czechoslovakia (1948) - Poland (1947) - Hungary (1947) - China (1949) - Cuba (1959) - North Korea (1945) The Domino effect • The USSR had a lot of influence over many of the new communist countries (especially those in Europe). • The USA was very worried that the USSR’s influence over these countries was making the USSR and communism more powerful. • The USA did not want communism to spread any further – they were worried about the domino effect (one country becomes communist, then another, then another etc). Vietnam War 1960-1965 Read Cold War Article • Make the Following 3 Column Chart: What I know Questions 10 things I learned Different Goals • Stalin wanted huge reparations from Germany, and a ‘buffer’ of friendly states to protect the USSR from being invaded again. • Britain and the USA wanted to protect democracy, and help Germany to recover. They were worried that large areas of Eastern Europe were falling under Soviet control. Resentment of the Past • The Soviet Union could not forget that in 1918 Britain and the USA had tried to destroy the Russian Revolution. • Stalin also thought that they had not given him enough help in the Second World War. • Britain and the USA could not forget that Stalin had signed the Nazi-Soviet Pact with Germany in 1939. • The Russians took very high casualties to capture Berlin in May 1945. • They spent the early occupation trying to take over all zones of the city but were stopped by German democrats such as Willy Brandt and Konrad Adenauer. • Reluctantly the Russians had to admit the Americans, French and British to their respective zones. • Why would they try to take over all of Berlin? Cause of Tension: Berlin • West Berlin, was an outpost of Western democracy and economic success deep within the communist zone – like a capitalist island within communist East Germany • It was felt by both sides that Berlin could act as the trigger for general war between capitalist and communist countries Final Solution… Germany became 2 countries. • 1 Democratic • 1 Communist As if that weren’t enough… More Tension: Nuclear Arms Race! • The nuclear bomb gave America a lead which was expected to last at least 5 years. The rapid Russian development of nuclear technology, helped by the work of the “atom spies” was a shock. • Significantly, Russia hurriedly declared war against Japan at the beginning of August 1945 and rushed to advance into Asia to stake out a position for the postwar settlement. This helped make both the Korean and Vietnamese conflicts more likely. Containment: George Kennan Top American diplomat stationed in Moscow. • Sent a secret telegram to the State Department in 1946 analyzing Soviet behavior and policy. • His analysis provided the basis for the policy of containment. Containment • A policy of creating strategic alliances in order to check the expansion of a hostile power or ideology or to force it to negotiate peacefully; “containment of communist expansion was a central principle of United States' foreign policy from 1947 to 1975” Iron Curtain • Given the name by Winston Churchill in 1946. “It is clear that the United States cannot expect in the foreseeable future to enjoy political intimacy with the Soviet regime. It must continue to regard the Soviet Union as a rival, not a partner, in the political arena. It must continue to expect that Soviet policies will reflect no abstract love of peace and stability, no real faith in the possibility of a permanent happy coexistence of the Socialist and capitalist worlds, but rather a cautious, persistent pressure toward the disruption and, weakening of all rival influence and rival power.” -George Kennan Containment: the cornerstone of America’s cold war foreign policy 1. Recognized the fact that Eastern Europe was already lost to communism. 2. Called for the U.S. to resist Soviet attempts to form Communist governments elsewhere in the world. 3. Kennan believed that the Soviet system “bears within it the seeds of its own decay” and would eventually crumble on its own. ***Critics saw this as too moderate and called for action to push out communists. Two main facets of containment in the early years: 1. Truman Doctrine 2. Marshall Plan The ‘Truman Doctrine’ • Truman had been horrified at the prewar Allied policy of appeasement and was determined to stand up to any Soviet intimidation. The Truman Doctrine in March 1947 promised that the USA “would support free peoples who are resisting subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures”. • Triggered by British inability to hold the line in Greece, it was followed by aid to Greece and Turkey, and also money to help capitalists to stop communists in Italy and France. It signalled the end of “isolationist” policies. Europe was Decimated The ‘Marshall Plan’ • The Marshall Plan offered huge sums to enable the economies of Europe to rebuild after World War II, and, by generating prosperity, to reject the appeal of Communism. “The U. S. should provide • The Soviet Union (USSR) aid to all European nations prevented Eastern European that need it. This move is not against any country or countries from receiving doctrine, but against hunger, American money. poverty, desperation, and chaos.” Now show your understanding… • Draw a picture depicting the 3 major tenants of American Foreign Policy at the beginning of the Cold War. (one picture for each) – Containment – Truman Doctrine – Marshall Plan **Use Book pages 400-405