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Manifest Destiny First coined by newspaper editor, John O’Sullivan in 1845. ".... the right of our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and federaltive development of self-government entrusted to us. It is right such as that of the tree to the space of air and the earth suitable for the full expansion of its principle and destiny of growth." Manifest Destiny A sense of cultural and racial superiority “American Progress” by John Gast, 1872 Early I. II. III. IV. 1789- 1792 Boston sea captains trade for furs in the Pacific Northwest. Robert Gray names the Columbia River 1803- The Louisiana Purchase 1804-1807 explorations of the west by Lewis and Clark and Zebulon Pike 1808 The American Fur Trade Company started by John Jacob Astor V. VI. VII. VIII. 1822- 1840’s St. Louis – the fur trading capital Jedediah Smith, Kit Carson and Jim Bridger mapped the West The Trails – Santa Fe (1820), Oregon(1840), California (1842), Mormon (1847) Missionaries in Oregon Opening the West Major Stephen H. Long in 1820 described the West as "wholly unfit for cultivation, and...uninhabitable by a people depending upon agriculture for their subsistence.“ Led to the Great Plains being called the “Great American Desert” Retarded the growth The Oregon Trail Pioneers gathered at Independence and St. Joseph, Missouri, and Council Bluffs, Iowa, to begin a 2,000 mile journey westward. Between 1841 and 1867, more than 350,000 trekked along the overland trails. Pioneers buried at least 20,000 emigrants along the Oregon Trail. The Oregon Trail – Albert Bierstadt, 1869 The Oregon Dispute: 54’ 40º or Fight! By the mid-1840s, “Oregon Fever” was spurred on by the promise of free land. The joint British-U. S. occupation ended in 1846. Conflict with Britain Both Britain and the United States claimed Oregon which extended to Russian Alaska. The feud was over furs. By early 1840’s the fur market had dropped and the U.S. and Britain settled on a boundary the 42 parallel Boundary Dispute in Maine Britain considered the U.S. biggest enemy Dispute over the border of Canada and Maine A dispute over timber The lumberjacks start open warfare Settled by the Webster- Ashburton Treaty Settles the boundaries of Maine and Minnesota Texas American settlement in Texas began with the encouragement of first the Spanish, and then Mexican, governments. In the summer of l820 Moses Austin, a bankrupt 59-year old Missourian, asked Spanish authorities for a large Texas land tract which he would promote and sell to American pioneers. Texas American settlement in Texas began with the encouragement of first the Spanish, and then Mexican, governments. In the summer of l820 Moses Austin asked Spanish authorities for a large Texas land tract which he would promote and sell to American pioneers. Texas Permission to settle 300 families in Texas. Spain welcomed the Americans for two reasons: to provide a buffer against illegal U.S. settlers, who were creating problems in east Texas to help develop the land, since only 3,500 native Mexicans had settled in Texas Texas 1821Mexicans rebel against Spanish rule, winning independence. 1823 Stephen Austin establishes the first American settlement in Tejas on land originally granted to his father along the San Antonio River. Texas 1828The Senate ratifies a treaty setting the Sabine River as the border between Mexico and the United States. 1829Mexico refuses an American offer to buy Tejas for $5 million 1830Alarmed at the growing number of Americans in Tejas, Mexico imposes sharp limits on further immigration. Manuel Mier y Teran Texas 1833At the San Felipe Convention, held in San Felipe de Austin, American settlers led by Stephen Austin vote to make Tejas a Mexican state, rather than a dependent territory, and draft a state constitution based on that of the United States. Texas 1835 THE TEXAS WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE (1835-1836) Mexican President Santa Anna proclaims himself dictator When the Americans resist at an engagement near Gonzales on the Guadalupe River, the Texas War for Independence begins. Texas Nov 1835, Texans declare that they will not accept Santa Anna’s dictatorship Dec. 1835 a combined Anglo-Tejano force defeat Mexican forces in San Antonio Parole the troops on the grounds that they will never take arms against Texas again Texas Feb. 22 –March 6, 1836 The siege at the Alamo March 2, 1836 -Texas declares their independence March 28, 1836 – The Goliad Massacre April 21, 1836 – The Texans defeat Santa Anna at the Battle of San Jacinto Two Treaties of Velasco Texas 1836 In the fall, Sam Houston is elected the first President of the Republic of Texas, outpolling Stephen Austin 4-to-1, and Texans vote to seek annexation by the United States 1837 Congress refuses to annex Texas, bowing to abolitionist opponents who call it a "slavocracy." But President Andrew Jackson recognizes the Republic of Texas on his last day in office. Texas 1842 Responding to years of harassment along the Texas border, Mexican troops strike San Antonio, because of a Texan attack on Santa Fe. 1845 Outgoing President John Tyler signs a congressional joint resolution to annex Texas and make it part of the union. Leads to war with Mexico The Slidell Mission: Nov., 1845 Mexican recognition of the Rio Grande River as the TX-US border. US would forgive American citizens’ claims against the Mexican govt. US would purchase the New Mexico area for $5,000,000. John Slidell US would buy California at any price. The U.S. - Mexican War War against Mexico added half a million square miles of territory to the United States. First American war fought almost entirely outside the United States First American war to be reported, while it happened, by daily newspapers. The U.S. - Mexican War Cause of the Mexican War - movement of American pioneers into lands claimed by Mexico 1845 Mexico expelled the American ambassador and cut diplomatic relations. President offered $5 million if Mexico agreed to recognize the Rio Grande River as the southwestern boundary of Texas. The U.S. - Mexican War Also offered up to $5 million for the province of New Mexico and $25 million for California. Polk was anxious to acquire California Polk ordered Brigadier General Zachary Taylor to march 3,000 troops southwest from Corpus Christi, Texas, to "defend the Rio Grande" River The U.S. - Mexican War April 25, 1846, a Mexican cavalry force crossed the Rio Grande and clashed with a small American squadron Polk asked Congress to acknowledge that a state of war already existed “Shed American blood upon the American soil." Wilmot Proviso, 1846 Provided, territory from that, as an express and fundamental condition to the acquisition of any the Republic of Mexico by the United States, by virtue of any treaty which may be negotiated between them, and to the use by the Executive of the moneys herein appropriated, neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territory, except for crime, whereof the party shall first be duly convicted. Congr. David Wilmot (D-PA) The U.S. – Mexican War Opponents denounced the war as an immoral land grab by an expansionistic power against a weak neighbor that had been independent barely two decades. Critics also argued that the war was an expansionist power play dictated by an aggressive Southern slave owners intent on acquiring more slave states. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Mexico ceded to the United States only those areas that Polk had originally sought to purchase. Mexico ceded California, Nevada, Utah, New Mexico, and parts of Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, and Wyoming to the United States for $15 million and the assumption of $3.25 million in debts owed to Americans by Mexico. The treaty also settled the Texas border dispute in favor of the United States, placing the Texas-Mexico boundary at the Rio Grande River. Results of the Mexican War? 1. The 17-month war cost $100,000,000 and 13,000+ American lives (mostly of disease). 2. New territories were brought into the Union which forced the explosive issue of SLAVERY to the center of national politics. * Brought in 1 million sq. mi. of land (incl. TX) 3. These new territories would upset the balance of power between North and South. 4. Created two popular Whig generals who ran for President. 5. Manifest Destiny partially realized. The Mexican Cession Territorial Growth to 1853 Free Soil Party Free Soil! Free Speech! Free Labor! Free Men! “Barnburners” – discontented northern Democrats. Anti-slave members of the Liberty and Whig Parties. Opposition to the extension of slavery in the new territories! WHY? The 1848 Presidential Election Results √ California Gold Rush January 24,1848 James Marshall, a veteran of the Bear Flag Revolt, discovers gold on the American River while building a lumber mill for John Sutter 1849Forty-niners heading for California's gold fields network of trails across the continent, Forty-niners come west by ship, sailing around Cape Horn or crossing by canoe and donkey train through the jungles of Panama California Gold Rush 1849 year's end, over 80,000 fortuneseekers have made their way to California nearly tripling the territory's population 1850 California enters the Union. Anti immigration sentiment – Foreign miner laws