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Chapter 7 Section 2 The Spanish-American War War with Spain • In the late 1890s, newspapers published stories from Cuba. • Cuban rebels were fighting for independence from Spain. War with Spain • To attract readers, the newspapers printed sensational, often exaggerated stories. • This technique is called yellow journalism. • These vivid stories about Spanish brutality convinced Americans that the U.S. military should support the rebels. War with Spain • President William McKinley was a supporter of Cuban independence. • A few events led to war…… War with Spain • The first event – • Spanish minster wrote a letter to the U.S. president calling the U.S. weak. • Americans were outraged! War with Spain • After the letter, the president sent a battleship, the Maine, to Cuba. • One day it exploded and sank, killing 266 men. • The reasons for the explosion were unknown, but the American press immediately blamed Spain. War with Spain • “Remember the Maine” became a rallying cry for angry Americans. War with Spain • President McKinley asked Congress to approve going to war & they did. • Cuba was not an American territory, but the U.S. issued a resolution stating Cuba was now an independent nation. • The U.S. also demanded Spain leave Cuba within 3 days. War with Spain • Attached to the resolution was the Teller Amendment. • This stated that the U.S. had no interest in taking control of Cuba. • In response to this, Spain declared war on the U.S. • The next day, we declared war on Spain. War in the Philippines • While attention was on Cuba, the U.S. quickly won a victory on the other side of the world. • The Philippines was a Spanish colony. War in the Philippines • Filipinos, like the Cubans, were rebelling against Spanish rule. • As soon as the SpanishAmerican War began, American commodore, George Dewey, raced to the Philippines with 4 large warships and 2 small gunboats. War in the Philippines • He sailed into Manila Bay & destroyed the Spanish fleet that was stationed there. • Dewey’s forces sank or captured 10 ships. War in the Philippines • U.S. troops arrived & with the help of Emilio Aguinaldo, a Filipino rebel, took control of the Philippine capital, Manila. War in the Caribbean • The navy was prepared for war, but the army was not. • New volunteers brought the number of soldiers from 28,000 to 280,000. War in the Caribbean • The Army did not have enough rifles or bullets for these soldiers. • Many soldiers had to wear wool uniforms in Cuba’s tropical heat. War in the Caribbean • The soldiers faced harsh conditions in Cuba. • Many soldiers caught yellow fever. • More than 2,000 Americans died from disease while only 400 were killed in battle. War in the Caribbean • The most colorful group of soldiers was the Rough Riders. • Second in command of the group was Lieutenant Colonel Theodore Roosevelt. • Roosevelt had organized the Rough Riders to fight in Cuba. War in the Caribbean • The Rough Riders were a group of volunteers that included Native Americans, college athletes, cowboys, miners & ranchers. • Newspaper stories of their heroism earned the Rough Riders America’s admiration. War in the Caribbean • After many battles, Spain & the U.S. began peace negotiations. • A few days later, the U.S. invaded Spanish-held Puerto Rico. • Spain signed a cease-fire agreement on August 12, 1898. U.S. Gains Territories • The peace treaty with Spain, placed Cuba, Guam, Puerto Rico & the Philippines under U.S. control. • Some Americans opposed imperialism and created the Anti-Imperialist League. • They argued that the treaty threatened democracy because it denied self-government to the people living in the newly acquired territories. Cuba • The Teller Amendment had declared that the U.S. would not annex Cuba. • McKinley wanted to create stability & increase U.S. economic activity there. • He appointed Leonard Wood as governor there and he quickly began building schools & sanitation system. Cuba • Even with the new sanitation system, disease remained a problem. • Dr. Walter Reed was head of the army’s Yellow Fever Commission. • He was sent to Cuba to help fight the disease. Cuba • He & his volunteers conducted experiments. • They soon proved that yellow fever was transmitted by mosquitoes. • Getting rid of the standing water where mosquitoes lived helped health officials to control the disease. Cuba • Governor Wood also oversaw the writing of a Cuban constitution. • The document included the Platt Amendment. • This amendment limited Cuba’s right to make treaties and allowed the United States to intervene in Cuban affairs. Cuba • It also required Cuba to sell or lease land to the U.S. • The Cubans reluctantly accepted the amendment & U.S. troops withdrew. • The amendment remained in force until 1934 & the U.S. stayed active in Cuban affairs until the late 1950s. Puerto Rico • Like the Cubans, the Puerto Ricans hoped for independence after the war. • Instead, the U.S. made the island a territory. • The Foraker Act established a civil government. Puerto Rico • Puerto Ricans were considered citizens of the island, but not of the U.S. • In 1917 the Jones Act gave Puerto Ricans citizenship. • Today, the island has its own constitution & elected officials, but is considered a commonwealth of the United States. The Philippines • Spain had surrendered the Philippines in return for $20 million. • McKinley argued that the U.S. could benefit from the naval value & that annexing the island would keep European nations from seizing them. The Philippines • Filipino rebels had expected independence after the war because they had helped U.S. forces capture Manila. • Filipino rebels, led by Emilio Aguinaldo, started a guerilla war against the U.S. The Philippines • After thousands of deaths, the U.S. Congress passed the Philippine Government Act. • It provided that an appointed governor would rule the Philippines. • In 1946 the U.S. granted full independence to the Philippines.