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Chapter 18: Cold War Conflicts Section 2: Origins of the Cold War Standards 11.4.6, 11.8.5, & 11.9.3 11.4.6- Trace the declining role of Great Britain and the expanding role of the United States in world affairs after World War II. 11.8.5- Describe the increased powers of the presidency in response to the Cold War. 11.9.3- Trace the origins and geopolitical consequences (foreign and domestic) of the Cold War and containment policy, including the following: The Truman Doctrine The Korean War Objectives Following lecture and reading of this section, students will be able to: 1. Explain how Communists came to power in China and how the United States reacted. 2. Summarize the events of the Korean War. 3. Explain the conflict between President Truman and General MacArthur. Review Following WWII, tensions between the former allies (US and USSR) arise again Economic and Political differences US- Democratic and Capitalist USSR- Dictatorship and Communist Military rule, no private ownership The plans of each country for post WWII world were very different The US focus was on Containing Communism Freedom of movement and ownership Truman Doctrine & Marshall Plan USSR focused on keeping Germany weak The Cold War Heats Up After World War II China became a communist nation Communists defeated Nationalist (US friendly) forces to take over the nation The Communists were led by Mao Zedong The Nationalists were led by Chiang Kai-shek Korea is split into two Communist north Democratic south Mao Zedong (C) Chiang Kai-Shek (D) China Becomes a Communist Country Nationalists Versus Communists Chinese Communists battle nationalist government of Chiang Kai-shek U.S. supports Chiang, but his government is inefficient and corrupt Communists, led by Mao Zedong, work to get peasant support Peasants flock to Red (Communist) Army By 1945, communists control north China Renewed Civil War After WWII, the Japanese who had tried to control China during WWII had been eliminated The existing government (Nationalists) now faced Communist opposition 1944-47, U.S. sends military aid to Nationalists to oppose communist rebellion 1949, Nationalists flee to island of Taiwan Containment Communists failed! established People’s Republic of China in mainland America Reacts to Communist Takeover U.S. does not recognize Communist Chinese government U.S. public stunned by Communist takeover Conservatives blame Truman for not sending enough aid Some begin to question Truman’s and other democrat’s toughness on Communist expansion The Korean War A Divided Country Since 1910 Japan had controlled Korea When the Japanese had been defeated in WWII they had to give up all land outside of Japan 38th parallel (38° N latitude) divides Japanese surrender in Korea Japanese troops north of 38th parallel surrendered to U.S.S.R. Japanese troops south of 38th parallel surrendered to U.S. North and South Korea were formed Surrender Sparks Differences The result of the surrender: U.S.S.R and U.S. now have the ability to create influence in the area in which soldiers surrendered to them Since Japanese rule is done there is no government Japanese troops north of 38th parallel surrendered to U.S.S.R. Korea, Japanese north of the 38th parallel becomes Communist troops south of 38th parallel surrendered to U.S. Korea, south of the 38th parallel becomes Democratic The War Begins North Korea Attacked South Korea 1950, North Korea invaded South, began Korean War South Korea called on UN to help stop invasion; Security Council approves UN assigned MacArthur to lead forces against North Koreans 500K South Korean forces 500K U.S. forces The United States Fights in Korea MacArthur’s Counterattack North Korea drove south, captured Seoul UN, South Korean troops forced into small defensive zone Pusan Peninsula MacArthur attacked North Koreans from two sides and pushed into North Korea Invasion came behind North Korean advance and forced many North Koreans to surrender Inchon Battle of Inchon The Chinese Enter the Fight The UN troops made a great recovery Gaining the upper hand, UN troops push passed the 38th parallel and north very near the North Korean-Chinese border North Korea could have fallen China is Communist and does not want a democratic nation on their border China sent troops in to help North Korea Chinese Fighting troops pushed south; recaptured Seoul continued for 2 more years McArthur and Truman Clash MacArthur Recommends Attacking China MacArthur calls for war with China; Truman rejects request Soviet Union, China have mutual assistance pact Truman knew that if we attacked China the U.S.S.R. would attack the U.S. MacArthur continues to push for invasion of China Truman Public eventually fired him outraged over hero’s dismissal Congressional investigation concluded Truman right Settling for Stalemate UN, South Korea retake Seoul, advance north, back to 38th parallel Once back at the 38th parallel, the fight stalls 1951, Soviet Union suggests cease-fire 1953 an armistice is signed Korea still divided A demilitarized zone established between North and South Korea Lack of success, high human, financial costs help elect Eisenhower Ground Control Changes in Korean War June 1950 September 1950 North Koreans push UN and South Korean forces to Pusan Sept. – Oct. 1950 North Korea invades South Korea UN troops recapture 38th parallel and move toward China Nov. 1950 to Jan. 1951 Chinese intervention pushes UN forces back to around 38th parallel