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Age of Jefferson
Unit IIIA
AP United States History
Thomas Jefferson (D-R) (1801-1809)
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Plantation and slave owner from
Virginia
Statesman
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Assemblyman
Declaration of Independence
Governor
Minister to France
Secretary of State
Vice-President
President
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Democratic-Republican
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 Founded the party in opposition to
Alexander Hamilton’s Federalists
 Kentucky Resolution
Inaugural Address
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“Every difference of opinion is not a difference of
principle... We are all Republicans, we are all
Federalists.”
“Renaissance Man”
 Inventor, philosopher, architect,
scientist
What is Jeffersonianism?
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Republicanism and Civic Virtue
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Civic duty
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Responsibility of subsistence
Dependence led to class conflict
Empire of Liberty and Foreign Policy
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Educated landowners exemplified independence and virtue
Agriculture Over Manufacture/Industry
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Ultimate sovereignty in the states and nullification
Strict constitutionalist
Dominant legislature, weak judiciary
Economic coercion over standing armies
Yeoman Farmers as Ideal Citizens
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Natural Elites
Resist corruption
Federalism and States’ Rights
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Voting and efficacy
Right to education
America’s responsibility to spread democracy
Avoid entangling alliances
Society
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Republican motherhood; absent from politics
Natives capable, just need to catch up (noble savages)
Black inferiority and white superiority
Separation of Church and State
Was Jefferson Jeffersonian?
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Consider the following historical concepts
and events in regards to the question…
The Federal Judiciary
Louisiana Purchase
Barbary/Tripoli Pirates
Embargo Act of 1807
First Political Party System (1789-1824)
Thomas Jefferson
Alexander Hamilton
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Federalists
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National policies
Strong central government
Loose constructionists
Commerce and manufacturing
Urban
The rich, the well-born, the able;
merchants, bankers
 Pro-British
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Anti-French revolution
 Northeast
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Democratic-Republicans
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States rights
Strong local/state governments
Strict constructionists
Agricultural
Rural
Small farmers, plantation
owners, artisans
 Anti-British
►
Pro-French Revolution
 West and South
Jefferson and the Federal Judiciary
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Midnight Judges
 Judiciary Act of 1801
 Adams (F) last minute federal
judicial appointments
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Marbury v. Madison (1803)
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 Judicial review
 “It is emphatically the province
and duty of the judicial
department to say what the law
is.” – Chief Justice John Marshall
Impeachments
 John Pickering
 Associate Justice Samuel Chase
Jefferson and the Louisiana Purchase
(1803)
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Napoleon’s Plans
Jefferson’s Plan
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Brokered a deal for
$15 million
Doubles the size of
the United States
Federalist
opposition
Lewis and Clark
Expedition
Jefferson and the Barbary/Tripoli Pirates
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Washington and Adams
 Paid bribes to Barbary states
to avoid piracy
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Jefferson
 Barbary states increase
bribes
 U.S. Navy and Marines
dispatched
 Treaty reached in American
favor
Jefferson and the Embargo Act
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Napoleonic Wars
 Britain vs France
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British and French
impressment of
Americans
 HMS Leopard and USS
Chesapeake
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Embargo Act of 1807
 Prohibited vessels from
leaving American ports
for foreign ports
 Economic impact on
Americans
Election of 1808
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James Madison (D-R)
Charles Pinckney (F)
Federalists gained
congressional seats
James Madison (D-R) (1809-1817)
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Napoleonic Wars
 Impressment continues
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Non-intercourse Act of 1809
Macon’s Bill No. 2 (1810)
Western Frontier
 Alleged British influence on
Natives
 Native wars
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War of 1812
Causes of the War of 1812
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United States vs. Great
Britain
 British impressment
 Alleged British influence in the
western frontier
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War Hawks in Congress
 John C. Calhoun
 Henry Clay
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Opposition to War
 Federalists
 Old guard Dem-Reps
 New England and merchants
War of 1812
British Invasion
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Chesapeake Campaign
Invasion of Washington D.C.
 Burning of the White House
 Nature FTW
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Fort McHenry and Baltimore
 Star-Spangled Banner and
Francis Scott Key
“Old Ironsides”
- Constructed in
1797
- Still in
commission
42 Wins
0 Losses
War of 1812
Battles with Frontier Natives
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Tecumseh’s War
 Battle of Tippecanoe
(1811)
 Battle of the Thames
(1813)
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Creek War
 Battle of Horseshoe
Bend (1814)
End of the War
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End of Napoleonic Wars
Treaty of Ghent
(December 1814)
Battle of New Orleans
(January 1815)
Hartford Convention (1814)
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Platform
 Federal economic assistance
for New England
 2/3 congressional majority for
embargoes, state admission,
and declaration of war
 Rescind the Three-Fifths
Compromise
 One-term president and no
same-state successor
 Talk of secession by radicals
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After War of 1812
 Perceived as traitors
 Effectively weakened as a
national party
War of 1812’s Impact
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Growth of nationalism
Ushered in an “Era of Good Feelings”
Domestic industrial and manufacturing
development
Emphasis on national infrastructure
Promotion of professional military
International respect
Natives significantly weakened
Increased drive to expand west
Era of Good Feelings
Unit IIIB
AP U.S. History
A National Perception
Fourth of July Celebration in Centre Square
John Lewis Krimmel, 1819
Era of Good Feelings – POL
James Monroe (D-R) (1817-1825)
Era of Good Feelings – POL
The Marshall Court
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McCulloch v. Maryland
(1819)
 Bank of the United States
constitutional under
“necessary and proper”
 States could not tax the
Bank - Supremacy Clause
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Gibbons v. Ogden
(1824)
 Increased federal
government’s interstate
commerce authority
Chief Justice John Marshall
Era of Good Feelings – POL
The Great Triumvirate
WEST
NORTH
Henry Clay of Kentucky
Daniel Webster of
Massachusetts
SOUTH
John C. Calhoun
of South Carolina
Era of Good Feelings – POL
Missouri Compromise (1820)
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Proposed by Henry
Clay
Missouri admitted
as slave state
Maine admitted as
free state
Establish Latitude
36 30’ Line
 North of the line
is free
 South of the line
is slave
“Missouri
question aroused and filled me
with alarm…I have been among the most
sanguine in believing that our Union would
be of long duration. I now doubt it much.” Thomas Jefferson, April 13, 1820
Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)
Era of Good Feelings – WOR
Monroe Doctrine (1823)
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U.S. and Great Britain
concerned about European
expansion into Americas
John Q. Adams authored
Points
 Americas no longer to
subject to European
colonization
 Europe must not interfere
with sovereignty of
independent nations in
Americas
America’s Market Revolution
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Subsistence farming to
market specialization
Free enterprise system
Capital investment and
state charters
Development of state and
national infrastructure
and networks
America’s Market Economy – WXT
Cumberland Road
America’s Market Economy – WXT
Erie Canal
America’s Market Economy – WXT
The Clermont
America’s Market Economy – WXT
Railroad
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Faster and durable
form of transportation
 Introduced in late
1820s
 Only small lines
between major
regional cities
America’s Market Economy – WXT
Telegraph
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Samuel Morse in
1844
Information becomes
widespread
Efficient control and
administration of
politics, business,
transportation,
markets
America’s Market Economy – WXT
America’s Market Economy - WXT
America’s Market Economy – WXT
Innovations
Steam engine
Interchangeable parts
Cotton gin
Spinning jenny
America’s Market Economy:
Agriculture and Cotton
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Evolution of Cotton
 Technological Advancements
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Eli Whitney’s cotton gin
 Improved transportation
 King Cotton
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Impact of Improved Agriculture
 Regional specialization
 Increased drive for western
expansion
 Increased demand for slavery
America’s Market Economy:
Industry and the Factory System
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Evolution of Textiles
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Putting-out system
Technological advancements
Samuel Slater
Lowell System
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Vertically integrated system
Boardinghouses
Recruitment of young women
Impact of Industrialization
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Increased output
Opportunities for unskilled labor
Weakened artisans
Increased urbanization
Increased American
competitiveness
America’s Market Economy - WXT
The American System
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Henry Clay’s Plan
 Protective tariffs
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Develop domestic industries
Source of federal revenue including
infrastructure projects
 Tariff of 1816
 Rate of 20-25%
 National bank
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Facilitate commerce and credit
systems
 Second Bank of the United States
(BUS) (1816)
 Infrastructure
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National roads, canals, internal
improvements
 Improved transportation connected
and expanded markets
America’s Market Economy – WXT
Panic of 1819
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Causes
 Western land speculation
 War inflation then post-war deflation
 BUS pursued contractionary monetary
policy
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Aftermath
 First recession of market economy
 Northern manufacturers demanded
high tariffs
 Southern farmers demanded low
tariffs
 Westerners criticized speculators and
bankers
United States c. 1824