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Transcript
The Cold War Mrs. Carter United Nations A system of collective security Allied leaders Limited ability to carry out mission General Assembly Security Council Maintain international peace and security Perm. Members: US, GB, SU, France 6 temp. members- elected for 2 yr terms United Nations Each perm member had absolute veto power Western nations dominated and blocked communist nations Humanitarian programs were successful Universal Doctrine of Human Rights Inalienable rights of all people to religious and civil liberty Nuremberg Trials Trial of war crimes for the holocaust GUIILTY- “war crimes and atrocities” Nuremberg Principle No soldier or civilian could be required, or should obey, an order that conflicted with basic humanitarian tenets. France and the Soviet Union opposed the reunification of Germany US and GB wanted to rebuild Germany as a counterforce to the Soviet Union as a strong market of American and British goods Winston Churchill Iron Curtain speech at Westminister College in Missouri http://www.authentichistory.com/1950s/s peeches/19460305_Winston_Churchill_Iro n_Curtain_Speech.html Iron Curtain Containment To contain Communism; to prevent the spread of Communism A doctrine uniting military, economic and diplomatic strategies to turn back communism and to secure for the United States the leading role in world affairs NSC-68 George Kennan “Long Telegram” Feared expansion of Soviet control in Eastern Europe Stalin’s speech- inevitability of war with capitalist powers US objective must be “a long-term, patient, but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies.” Urged Truman to deploy it’s economic and military resources to prevent the Soviets from expanding beyond their sphere of influence REGRETS- looking back Kennan regretted not including the following info in his reports: Failure to emphasize the difficulties that Moscow would face in trying to rule East. And Central Europe Failure to recognize that his essay would add to the fear of Communism Truman Doctrine Military and economic aid to Turkey and Greece Congress agreed to $400 million in aid 2 “alternative ways of life”- Truman Democracy & freedom OR totalitarianism, terror & oppression Aid program was successful at resisting Moscow Goal was to prevent the Soviet Union from gaining a stronghold in either Greece of Turkey Prevent SV from gaining the Strait of Dardanelles (access to the Med. Sea) Opposition: Henry Wallace- unfounded fear of Soviet Union Fiscal conservative- concerned about the cost Feared deeper, longer lasting foreign “entanglements” Support: Dean Acheson- “Not since Rome and Carthage….. [ has there been ] such a polarization of power on this earth” Must help those that wish to be democracies Marshall Plan Background- Europe- post WWII Inflation Starvation Crippled industry & infrastructure Battered & shaken are the strongholds of democracy Offered a program of massive US economic assistance to Western Europe Marshall Plan George C. Marshall US humanitarian relief Aid return of economic health and political stablility Claimed “not against any country or doctrine but against hunger, poverty, desperation and chaos.” Marshall Plan Further Goals To promote European unity and to end national rivalries Only a united Europe could present a strong front against Soviet expansionism Draft a unified recovery program- leading to an American-style of capitalism Opposition- Andrei Vyshinski “split Europe into two camps” , denied European nations their “inalienable rights” Marshall Plan US benefit- $$$$$$$ Increased US export to Europe Decreased European exports US sent exports on CREDIT b/c Europe lacked credit Europe ordered farm equipment, industrial machinery, and other goods = $ to help American business Marshall Plan Europe’s benefits rebuild Europe’s economy Create jobs Better living conditions Revival of world trade Emergence of multinationals Another front against Communism Events June 1948- Western allies allow W. Germany to become developed. 1 nation instead of divided zones of occupation Stalin felt Soviet security was threatened and stopped all traffic to West Berlin US & GB respond with Berlin Airlift- food and supplies to W. Berlin May 1949- Soviet Union lifted blockade East & West Berlin established as separate states NATO & Warsaw Pact North Atlantic Treaty Organization An attack against one shall be considered an attack against them all Warsaw Pact Soviet response to NATO Wartime alliance Bretton Woods New Hampshire in July 1944 Allied nations Began planning to rebuild a world financial structure World Bank- help poor countries to develop transportation, health and Education International Monetary Fund (IMF)- promote trade, monetary cooperation, and exchange rate stability among non-Communist industrial nations Seen by Soviet Union as a strategy to end Communism Japan In return for sovereignty they agreed to house US military bases and troops Strategic move for the US China China Communist Red Army- Mao Zedong- mainland China Nationalists- Chiang Kai-Shek- Taiwan Americans- Truman “lost China” Stalin signed a formal alliance with Mao Zedong ***threat of international communism*** US/Soviet Arms Race US expands # of atomic bombs Testing in Bikini Atoll Soviets began testing A-bomb in 1949 Both began testing hydrogen bombs (more powerful than atomic) On the Homefront: Truman Truman Disliked by many Americans Bring the Boys Home Movement- rapid demobilization Taft- Hartley Act (veto) Won 1948 election- Americans feared a reversal of the New Deal Desegregated armed forces and banned discrimination in federal civil service Fair Deal Truman VS. Congress Little headway was made Disputes over Fair Deal programs Disputes over Taft-Hartley Act Variety of bills were defeated Taft-Hartley Act “slave labor bill” Reversed much of the Wagner Act Required union officials to swear they weren’t Communists Made it more difficult for workers to establish unions Truman vetoed it Congress overrode the veto Dem. Party wanted Truman to resign, to be replaced by Eisenhower Fair Deal Truman’s reform program included: National health care Federal aid to education Civil rights legislation Funds for public housing New farm program Increasing minimum wage and social security Conservatives blocked most programs Min. wage and ss were the exceptions Fair Deal Most reforms were defeated for 2 reason: Conflict between Truman and Congress Foreign policy concerns of the Cold War On the Homefront: Subterfuge National Security Act (1947) Established Department of Defense, National Security Council Administer and coordinate defense policies and to advice the president Established Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Obtain political, military and economic information from around the world Classified- secret from Congress and public Fear of Communist conspiracy and subversion Executive Order 9835- barred members of the Communist Party & sympathizers from the federal government Published alist of possibly subversive organizations On the Homefront: 2nd Red Scare HUAC House Un-American Activities Committee “friendly witnesses” “unfriendly witnesses”- stood behind 1st amendment freedom of speech Advertisers pulled funding during particular movies Looked for Communists in government, Hollywood and organizations (Boy Scouts) Blacklists Espionage Cases: Alger Hiss Official with the State Department Accused of being a Communist Accused of giving secret documents to a Communist Found guilty Jailed Espionage Cases: Julius & Ethel Rosenberg Accused of stealing & plotting to convey atomic secrets to Soviets during WWII Guilty of treason & executed in 1953 Executed in 1953 McCarthyism Joseph McCarthy Believed Communist conspiracy reached into the government Wild accusations Claimed Democrats were “soft on Communism” b/c they had “lost” China Silence critics of the Cold War Went after Jews, African Americans, immigrants, homosexuals, women’s groups- those that were too weak to fight back McCarthy’s popularity grew because of the American fear of Communism People were afraid to go against him because he became so powerful Finally seen as a bully during the televised Army-McCarthy hearings- end of career “witch hunt” lasted for 3 years On the Homefront: Domestic Baby Boom- 1950s- 1960s Couples married earlier, had children earlier, had more children Dr. Spock “Baby and Child Care” Consumer Spending 2 income families = middle class= higher standard of living= more consumer spending Religion Billy Grahamevangelical minister1st televised crusades for religious revival “God Centered homes” and warned against women who tried to “wear the trousers” Movies Warned against apathy toward the threat of Communism Korea 1945- Korea divided at 38th parallel 1949- USSR & US pulled out of Korea 1950 North invaded the South North= Soviets South= US Civil war? Test by the Soviets? Truman got approval from UN Security Council to send troops. MacArthur was sent to stop the Communist drive Korea Truman expanded war goals China’s response Push Communists back to China Reunite Korea as a democratic society Crossing the 38th parallel would be seen as a security threat MacArthur- promised a speedy victory and the boys would be “home for Christmas” China entered the conflict and pushed the US back across the 38th Stalemate at the 38th 18 mo of negotiations and fighting “There is no substitute for victory!”MacArthur MacArthur was dismissed for insubordination- nearly caused a ChineseAmerican War Summer 1953- North and South Korea occupied nearly identical territory as at the beginning Election of 1952 Rep. Dwight D. Eisenhower “Ike” VP Richard Nixon Checkers Speech Scandal accepting personal gifts Voters wanted peace and government assisted prosperity http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.americanrhetoric.com/images/richardnixon checkers.JPG&imgrefurl=http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/richardnixoncheckers.html& h=343&w=464&sz=22&hl=en&start=1&tbnid=IxKo5wwljaELcM:&tbnh=95&tbnw=128&prev=/im ages%3Fq%3DCheckers%2Bspeech%26gbv%3D2%26hl%3Den