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Quick Grad Review Social Studies AHSGEE Graduation Remediation Pre-Colonial and Colonial Eras Renaissance • • • • Means “rebirth” Began in 14th century Italy Period of great cultural and social change Asked people to question the teaching of the Catholic church • • • • • Reformation Began with Martin Luther Sought to reform the Catholic church Catholic church persecuted reforms Reformers broke away from the Catholic church Many moved to new world for religious freedom Columbian Exchange • Voyage of Christopher Columbus -set out to find new route to Asia in 1492 • Columbus’s voyage marked beginning of European colonization of Americas • Led to a mixing of native cultures with European cultures • Diseases brought by Europeans cause the death of many native people conquistadors “Spanish explorers” Ponce de Leon -searched for Fountain of Youth in Florida • Cortez -defeated Aztecs in Mexico • Pizarro - conquered Incas in Peru • De Soto - searched for gold in Alabama and American southeast • Coronado -searched for “Seven Cities of Gold” Jamestown • First successful English settlement in New World • Founded by Virginia company, a joint-stock company (a private company which sells shares to investors in hopes of making a profit) **Mayflower Compact** • guaranteed just and equal laws for all; adult males made laws **House of Burgesses** • 1st representative assembly in America • Model for present day Congress and how to create a democratic government **Mercantilism** • An economic system where a nation’s power is measured in gold reserves • Country exports more than it imports • Creates a “favorable balance of trade” The American Revolution and the War of 1812 Graduation remediation Monopoly • A market with one supplier • England wanted a monopoly in the colonies • Passed Navigation Acts to restrict colonial trade. • • • • **French and Indian War** Also known as Seven Years’ War Britain vs. France Fighting over control of the Ohio River Valley France lost all lands east of the Mississippi River **Stamp Act** • Tax on all paper items like legal documents, newspapers, playing cards • 1st direct tax placed on colonists, not on trade • Also called an internal tax **Sons of Liberty** • Founded by Samuel Adams to protest Stamp Act • Stamp act was repealed • Act was replace by the Townsend Act (tax on glass, paper, lead) Boston Massacre • Incident happened outside a Boston Custom House over taxes • Only 5 people killed **Patrick Henry** • “give me liberty or give me death” **Paul Revere** “The British are coming.” **Declaration of Independence** • Written by Thomas Jefferson • Signed July 4, 1776 • Principles: – All men are created equal – All people have certain unalienable rights – Govt. exists by consent of governed – Govt. must be changed if unjust Major battle of American Revolution • Battles of Lexington and Concord -1st battles of war • Battle of Saratoga –after this battle, French will be American ally • Battle of Yorktown- last battle of revolution, British will surrender Valley Forge • Place where Washington trained his troops • Very bad conditions; they almost starved Treaty of Paris 1783 • Treaty to end American Revolution • Britain recognized independent U.S. • set boundaries of new nation (north, Canada; south, Spanish Florida; west, Mississippi River; east, Atlantic Ocean) Causes of War of 1812 Impressment –took sailors from United States’ ships and force them to serve in British or French navy Embargo- prohibiting the entry or departure of ships British encouragement of Native Americans to attack U. S. War hawks, western politicians, encourage war. Tecumseh and the Prophet Battles of War of 1812 • Battle of Horseshoe Bend • Battle of Fort McHenry –Star Spangled Banner written by Francis Scott Key during this battle • Battle of New Orleans – took place after war had ended; made Andrew Jackson a war hero The United States Government Foundations of the United States Government • John Locke –government should get its power from the people it governs “natural rights” • Rousseau –Wrote The Social Contract; there should be an agreement between the people and the government that limits the rights and duties of each • Montesquieu -believed there should be three branches of government so that one did not gain too much power • Great Awakening – religious revival of Christianity in America; contributed to nationalism • House of Burgesses – first representative assembly Articles of Confederation • 1st United States constitution • Didn’t work! Eventually rewritten Problems with Articles of Confederation •a legislative branch only (no executive, no judicial) •Congress could not collect taxes •Congress could not enforce its powers •Each state had one vote in Congress, regardless of size Constitutional Convention • met to rewrite the constitution The Great Compromise • Divided Congress into a bicameral (two-house) legislature • Senate –every state gets two votes • House of Representatives –representation based on population ***federalism*** • Shared power between state and national government Three branches of government • Legislative=makes laws (Congress) • Executive =enforces laws (President and Vice-President) • judicial =interprets laws (court system) Elastic Clause • Gives Congress power to pass laws that are “necessary and proper” to do its jobs • Give Congress right to stretch its powers to include things that are not directly stated • Sometimes called “implied powers” Bill of Rights • 1st ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution • Insured basic rights and freedoms of citizens Important Amendments • 13th Amendment -abolished slavery • 14th Amendment –civil rights guaranteed to all people • 15th Amendment –black males get vote • 19th Amendment –women suffrage (right to vote) John Marshall**if they ask anything about a Supreme Court justice, pick John Marshall. He is the only one that is ever on the test! • Chief Justice of the Supreme Court **Marbury vs. Madison** • Supreme court case that established *judicial review*, the right of the Supreme Court to declare a law unconstitutional Growth of a Nation **Louisiana Purchase** • • • • Doubled the size of the United States Purchased by Thomas Jefferson Territory explored by Lewis and Clark Lewis and Clark led by Indian named Sacajawea **Alabama became state in 1819. • Admitted as a slave state • Followed Jacksonian Democracy = all white men could vote whether or not they owned property. **Monroe Doctrine** • U. S. would remain neutral on European affairs • U. S. would oppose any intervention in North America by European countries= we would see it as an act of hostility American System • Proposed by Henry Clay • Plan was to make the U. S. independent by: – Protective tariff = taxes on imports – Internal improvements =build road, canals, bridges – National bank =issue paper money **Andrew Jackson as President** • Presidency known as Jacksonian Democracy – all white men could voted whether or not they owned property • Known as “common man’s president” • Spoils system – began plan to put friends and supporters in power once elected **Trail of Tears** • Andrew Jackson refused to enforce a Supreme Court case to stop the Indian Removal Act. • Cherokee Indians were forced to walk from Georgia to Oklahoma to live on reservations • ¼ of all the Cherokee died • • • • Trails leading West Oregon Trail – route to Pacific Ocean Mormon Trail –taken by religious group to Utah California Trail – taken by prospectors looking for gold Sante Fe Trail – established to trade with Mexico **Manifest Destiny** • Belief that it was God’s will for the U.S. to expand and posses the entire continent. Temperance Movement • Movement to stop the sell of alcohol • Maine was the first state to pass law forbidding alcohol Abolition Movement • Movement to abolish slavery Secession and Resistance Missouri Compromise • Admitted Maine as a free state; Missouri as a slave state • Set the 36o 30’ parallel as the dividing line between free and slave states • North of line =free; south of line = slave Compromise of 1850 • Allowed for popular sovereignty, citizens would vote if area would be slave or free • Created the Fugitive Slave Law, northern states were forced to return escaped slaves Dred Scott Decision • Supreme Court Case that said: – No slave is a citizen – No right to sue in court – Dred Scott is not free just because he spent time in a free territory 1860 election • Lincoln won • South seceded, left the Union Confederate States of America • Jefferson Davis chosen as President • Montgomery, AL - capital **Winston County, AL.** • Met at Looney’ Tavern and voted to remain neutral during Civil War • People were poor and did not own slaves Civil War and Reconstruction Civil War Battles • Bull Run – North defeated and Washington, D.C. almost invaded • Shiloh – bloodiest battle of Civil War • **Antietam –bloodiest one day battle in history of U.S. • Vicksburg –Confederacy lost; Union controls the Mississippi River • **Gettysburg –turning point of Civil War; Confederacy no longer had ability to lead offensive into Union territory • **Mobile Bay – Admiral Farragut defeated Confederate forts at Mobile Bay; Union occupies city During the Civil War both sides used the draft. • The draft, forcing men to serve in the military, caused riots in both the North and South because the rich could get out of service. Emancipation Proclamation • Issued by Lincoln to free slaves in the states that were in rebellion. • DID NOT FREE SLAVES IN BORDER STATES. Border states were states that had slaves, but hadn’t seceded from the Union. 13th Amendment freed the slaves Freedmen’s Bureau • Created to help former slaves and poor whites • Offered clothing, food, shelter, schools, etc. **Black Codes** • Made blacks second class citizens • Could not own weapons, marry whites, meet after sundown Reconstruction • Period of time after Civil War when southern states had to meet certain requirements to be readmitted to the United States **The Compromise of 1877 •Rutherford B. Hayes became President •Republicans ended Reconstruction Carpetbaggers • People who came from the North to do business in the South- teachers, ministers, lawyers • Southern whites hated them Scalawags • Southerners who supported Reconstruction Ku Klux Klan •• Used Usedterrorism terrorismand andviolence violencetotointimidate intimidate blacks, blacks,Jews, Jews,Catholics, Catholics,and andimmigrants immigrants Jim Crow Laws • Prevented blacks from voting by using poll taxes and literacy tests • Segregated public facilities like restaurants and schools Expansion and Industrialization Transcontinental Railroad • Union Pacific and Central Pacific railroad joined at Promontory Point, Utah • Impact=allowed rapid settlement of West Dawes Act • Attempted to assimilate Native Americans into mainstream, white culture • Reservations dissolved and each family was given 160 acres to farm • • • • • Inventions-led to settlement of Plains Bessemer process – made steel more efficiently Steel plow – invented by John Deere to plow tough prairie soil Windmill – used power of wind to pump water Barbed wire – used to help settle west by fencing in property; no more wide open plains Railroads – used to settle land and ship crops and livestock **Alabama Agriculture and Industry • Known as Black Belt for rich soil • Boll weevil- forced Alabama farmers to diversify crops; they had to grow more than just cotton because the boll weevil ate cotton plants • Birmingham known for steel production • Mobile known as a major port for shipping **Social Darwinism** • Government should not interfere in big business; the strongest would survive **Labor unions** • Formed to improve working conditions and wages • Used strikes (workers refusing to work) to improve conditions **muckrackers** • Journalists who wrote about corruption in business and politics • Upton Sinclair – wrote The Jungle, about unsanitary meatpacking conditions • Ida Tarbell – wrote The History of Standard Oil Company about the corruption of John D. Rockefeller 16th Amendment • Congress given power to collect federal taxes 17th Amendment • Direct election of U.S. Senators by citizens, rather than by state legislatures • Makes government more accountable to people 18th Amendment • Prohibited the making, selling, transporting of alcohol 19th Amendment • Women’s suffrage, the right to vote Election of 1912 • Woodrow Wilson, Democrat, won because Taft and Roosevelt split the Republican Party • Theodore Roosevelt created the Bull Moose Party because Taft got Republican nomination Booker T. Washington • Founded Tuskegee Institute • Believed that blacks should seek gradual integration by taking blue-collar jobs to prove economic value to white W.E.B. Dubois • Founded the NAACP • Believed that blacks should demand rapid integration and seek professional, whitecollar jobs NAACP • National Association for the Advancement of Colored People • Use court system to fight racism Niagara Movement – forerunner of the NAACP; equality for all Plessy vs. Ferguson • Supreme Court case that said separate but equal was legal • Segregation was legal Alabama Constitution • Denied blacks the right to vote by using literacy tests, poll taxes, and land ownership Grandfather clause: allowed whites to vote that would have been denied by other restrictions Chapter 8 test World War I and the 1920s Imperialism – a policy in which a strong country seeks to control another country • Wanted raw materials, new markets and military bases around the world Spanish-American War • U. S. wanted to free Cuba from Spanish rule • Yellow journalism, sensational writing without regard for truth, led us into war • The U.S.S. Maine was reportedly sunk by the Spanish; yellow journalism led us to declare war; it was actually sunk by an accident on the ship Results of the Spanish-American Cuba is independent War • • Guam, Puerto Rico, and Philippines became territories of the U.S. **Open Door Policy** • Policy of the U.S. in which China was opened to trade with all nations Panama Canal • U. S. supported a revolution in Columbia to gain control of Panama • Built a canal through Panama to save travel time around South America Dr. William Gorgas • From Mobile • Sent to Panama canal zone to get rid of mosquito problem Long term causes of World War I • Imperialism- strong nations seeking to control weaker nations for raw material, new markets, and military bases • Nationalism –belief in national unity; extreme devotion to one’s own nation • Militarism- maintaining a large standing army to protect global interests • Alliances – an agreement for protection; promise to come to the aid of ally if attacked Assassination of Archduke Francis (Franz) Ferdinand started WWI. WWI began in 1914 Allies • France, Great Britain, Russia • The U.S. joined in 1917 Central Powers •Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria Causes of U.S. entering WWI in 1917 • Sinking of Lusitania by German u-boat (submarine); British passenger ship with Americans on board; Germany said it was carrying arms • Zimmermann telegram – note from German foreign secretary to Mexico asking Mexico to attack the U.S. in return for territory • Unrestricted submarine warfare – Germany had violated the Sussex Pledge in which they said they would sink no more passenger ships without warning; they then sunk three more American ships World War I ended on November 11, 1918 at 11:00 a.m. 11/11/1918 @ 11:00 Treaty of Versailles-ended Punished Germany by: WWI 1. 2. 3. 4. War reparations – Germany had to pay France and Britain for war damages War guilt clause – Germany had to say war was their fault Lost overseas territory and part of territory in Europe Decrease the size of their military League of Nations • Created at the end of WWI to maintain peace and security • U.S. never joined; many believed it would lead the U.S. into future conflicts Harlem Renaissance • An African American movement in art, music, and literature Jazz • Began in the South and taken with blacks during Great Migration when they moved North Famous Musicians: 1. Jelly Roll Morton 2. W.C. Handy –form Florence, AL 3. Bessie Smith –Empress of the Blues 4. Louis Armstrong –jazz trumpet player Harlem Renaissance writers • • • • Langston Hughes Zora Neale Hurston Claude McKay Jean Toomer Dream Deferred What happens to a dream deferred? Does it dry up like a raisin in the sun? Or fester like a sore-and then run? Does it stink like rotten meat? Or crust and sugar over-like a syrupy sweet? Maybe it just sags like a heavy load. Or does it explode? **Red Scare** • Fear of Communism Prohibition • Passed by 18th Amendment • Led to rise in organized crime (Al Capone) • People got liquor any way; speakeasies, bootlegging, illegal stills • Repealed with 21st Amendment #9 The Great Depression and World War II The Great Depression lasted from 1929, when the stock market crashed until 1941, when America entered WWII. The unemployment rate was at about 25%. The Great Depression • Causes: • Stock market crash • Poverty of farmers – overproduction with drop in farm prices and The Dust Bowl Stock Market Crash • October 29, 1929; Black Tuesday • Caused by buying on margin (buying stocks on credit) and speculation (buying stocks and hoping that you can sell them for a higher price Dust Bowl • Caused by drought, high winds, over-planting soil • Environmental crisis Herbert Hoover • President when stock market crashed • Believed economy would recover on its own • Blamed for Great Depression Hoovervilles- shanty town slums that sprang up around cities; called Hoovervilles to show blame Bonus Army • WWI veterans who marched to Washington to demand bonus early • Hoover sent in military to disperse them Hoover will not be re-elected in 1932. The treatment of the Bonus Army was the final mistake that he would make. The New Deal • Franklin Roosevelt’s promise of recovery for the Great Depression • Three R’s plan: relief, recovery, and reform • Gave the American people hope totalitarian leaders • Hitler- Nazi Party-Germany • Mussolini- Fascist Party-Italy • Joseph Stalin-Communist Party-USSR(Soviet Union) Axis Powers • Italy, Germany, Japan Allied Powers •Britain, France, Russia, USA Munich Conference • Hitler promised that if Britain and France would let him take the Sudetenland, he wouldn’t take any more territory • Appeasement- giving in to demands to avoid war Non Aggression Pact • Germany and the Soviet Union signed an agreement not to attack each other and to conquer and divide Poland World War II begins • Germany invaded Poland on Sept. 1, 1939 • Britain and France declared war on Germany When WWII began, the U.S. promised to remain neutral. • Cash and Carry – allowed Allies to buy munitions if they paid in cash and carried the supplies on their own ships • Lend- Lease –Allies ran low on cash, so Congress passes law to allow U.S. to lend, sell, or lease was supplies to countries that were vital to the defense Pearl Harbor • Attacked by Japanese December 7, 1941 • America declared war on Japan **War bonds** • Also called Liberty Bonds • Sold to finance the war Tuskegee Airmen • Group of African-American pilots who were trained during WWII D-Day • June 6, 1941, invasion of the beaches of Normandy, France • Plan was to liberate France from Germany control Holocaust • Genocide of 6 million Jews by the Nazis • Nazis had killed a total of 11 million people V-E Day • Victory in Europe Day • May 8, 1945 • Germany surrendered Manhattan Project • Secret project to build an atomic bomb Truman’s decision to drop atomic bomb on Japan • Afraid that war would drag on and cost many more American lives • War in the Pacific showed that Japan would not give up easily (rather die than surrender) Hiroshima and Nagasaki • Japanese cities where atomic bombs were dropped that ended WWII.