Download The Era of Good Feeling

The
“Era of Good Feelings”?
(1816 -1824)
Susan M. Pojer
Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY
Essential Question:
What were the major
characteristics of the ”Era of
Good Feelings? ”
The Election of 1816
Republicans started to promote economic growth and
centralization
James Monroe [1816-1824]
•
•
•
•
•
•
Sec of State: John Quincy Adams
Secretary of War: John Calhoun
End of the VA Dynasty
Marshall is still chief justice
“Good Will” tour
1820 only one elector voted against him
John Quincy Adams:
A bulldog among spaniels!
The Convention of 1818
Adams-Onis Treaty, 1819
[“The Transcontinental Treaty”]
http://www.pbs.org/kpbs/theborder/history/timeline/2.html
& Andrew Jackson’s Invasion
Jefferson writes that the Missouri question, "like a fire bell in the night,
awakened and filled me with terror. I considered it at once as the knell of the
Union."
The West & the NW: 1819-1824
US Population Density
1810
1820
The American System
p Tariff of 1816
p Chartering of the
Second Bank of the
United States [BUS].
Henry Clay,
“The Great
Compromiser”
p Internal improvements
at federal expense.
- National Road
• One of the most historically significant
examples of a government-sponsored program
to harmonize and balance the nation's
agriculture, commerce, and industry. This
"System" consisted of three mutually reinforcing
parts: a tariff to protect and promote American
industry; a national bank to foster commerce;
and federal subsidies for roads, canals, and
other "internal improvements" to develop
profitable markets for agriculture. Funds for
these subsidies would be obtained from tariffs
and sales of public lands.
The American System:
The National [Cumberland] Road
The Erie Canal
1817 – 1825. http://www.eriecanal.org/
363 miles Albany to Buffalo. "Clinton's Big Ditch"
E
Much further than any other American or European canal.
The Panic of 1819
CAUSES???
•
•
•
In 1819, the impressive post- War of 1812 economic expansion ended.
Banks throughout the country failed; mortgages were foreclosed, forcing
people out of their homes and off their farms. Falling prices impaired
agriculture and manufacturing, triggering widespread unemployment. All
regions of the country were impacted and prosperity did not return until
1824.
The primary cause of the misery seems to have been a change toward
more conservative credit policies by the Second Bank of the
U.S. (rechartered in 1816). The wary directors viewed with scorn the
unconventional practices of many western banks. The B.U.S. called in its
loans, forcing the state banks to do likewise. State loans had been made to
land speculators who were unable to repay; banks failed and depositors
were wiped out. Conditions were exacerbated by the influx of large
quantities of foreign goods into the American market and the slumping
cotton market in the South.
Panic of 1819 creates divisions within the Republican Party.
The Election of 1820
The Compromise of 1820: led by Henry Clay initiated by
Jesse Thomas of Illinois (Thomas Amendment)
A fire bell in the night! Aka Missouri Compromise
http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/Missouri.html
The Tallmadge Amendment
p All slaves born in Missouri after the
territory became a state would be freed
at the age of 25.
p Passed by the House, not in the Senate.
p The North controlled the House, and the
South had enough power to block it in
the Senate.
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part3/3h511.
html
Latin American Revolution
• Success of anti-Spanish revolutions
strengthened America’s position in the
region
• America claimed to be neutral but sold
ships and supplies to the revolutionaries
• 1822 Monroe is the first to establish
diplomatic relationships with 5 new nations
(Argentina, Chile, Peru, Columbia, and
Mexico)
The Monroe Doctrine, 1823
p Referred to as
“America’s Self-Defense
Doctrine” really written by
JQ Adams.
1. What foreign
policy
principles are
established?
US will be able to
justify involvement in
Latin American
affairs later
2. What warning is given
to the European
countries? Stay out!!
Monroe
Doctrine
3. What would the
US do if the
warning was not
headed?Hhhmmm…?
Monroe Doctrine continued..
• Hoping Latin America would resist foreign
intervention (Europe)
• US did not want European countries to help
Spain regain any lost territory in the Americas
• JQ Adams really wanted Cuba and wanted to do
what was necessary to prevent Britain from
taking it.
• Maybe this would help get the US out of a
depression
• Divert attention away from sectional politics
Essential Question:
Champion of
the
“Common Man”?
OR
“King”
Andrew?
Jackson’s Opponents
in 1824
Henry Clay
[KY]
John Quincy Adams
[MA]
William H. Crawford
[GA]
John C. Calhoun
[SC]
The “Common
Man’s”
Presidential
Candidate
The Election of 1824:
The “Corrupt Bargain”
The Election of 1824:
The “Corrupt Bargain”
All ran as Democratic-Republicans
Popular Vote
Electoral
Vote
Andrew Jackson
43%
99
J.Q. Adams
31%
32
William
Crawford
13%
41
Henry Clay
13%
37
Candidate
(suffered a stroke)
(only
top three would be
Results of the 1824 Election
A
“Corrupt
Bargain?”
• Clay was Speaker of the House. He didn’t
like Jackson, and believed that Adams
would continue support of the American
System.
• Clay gets Adams the presidency and
Adams makes Clay Secretary of State. (As
was Jefferson, Madison, and
Monroe….get the picture?)
Opposition to John Quincy Adams
3
3
Some believed he allowed too much political control to
be held by elites.
Some objected to his support of national economic
development on constitutional grounds.
 Adams believed a strong, active central government
was necessary.
 A national university.
 An astronomical observatory.
 A naval academy.
3
Many Americans saw Adams’ vision of a might nation
led by a strong president as a threat to individual
liberties.
Voting Requirements
in the Early 19c
http://www.infoplease.com/timelines/voting.html
Voter Turnout: 1820 - 1860
Why Increased Democratization?
3
White male suffrage increased
3
Party nominating committees.
3
Voters chose their state’s slate of Presidential electors.
3
Spoils system.
3
Rise of Third Parties.
3
Popular campaigning (parades, rallies, floats, etc.)
3
Two-party system returned in the 1832 election:
 Dem-Reps  Natl. Reps.(1828)  Whigs
(1832)  Republicans (1854)
 Democrats (1828)
Supreme Court Cases
1819-1824
McCullough v Maryland (1819)
•
•
•
•
•
•
At issue in the case was the constitutionality of the act of Congress chartering the
Second Bank of the United States (BUS) in 1816.
Although the Bank was controlled by private stockholders, it was the depository of
federal funds. In addition, it had the authority to issue notes that, along with the notes
of states' banks, circulated as legal tender. In return for its privileged position, the
Bank agreed to loan the federal government money in lieu of taxes.
State banks looked on the BUS as a competitor and resented its privileged position.
When state banks began to fail in the depression of 1818, they blamed their troubles
on the Bank. One such state was Maryland, which imposed a hefty tax on "any bank
not chartered within the state." The Bank of the United States was the only bank not
chartered within the state.
When the Bank's Baltimore branch refused to pay the tax, Maryland sued James
McCulloch, cashier of the branch, for collection of the debt. A state court ruled for
Maryland, and the court of appeals affirmed. Supreme Court reviewed the case in
1819.
In a unanimous opinion written by Chief Justice Marshall the Supreme Court ruled
that Congress had implied powers under theNecessary and Proper Clause of Article
I, Section 8 of the Constitution to create the Second Bank of the United States and
that the state of Maryland lacked the power to tax the Bank.
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/supremecourt/antebellum/landmark_mcculloch.html
• Dartmouth v Woodward (1819)–
Supreme Court can override decisions by
State Courts
• Johnson v McIntosh (1823) – only the
federal government can buy or take land
from natives
Gibbons v Ogden (1824)– Strengthened power of
Congress to regulate trade
The dispute in Gibbons concerned competing claims of rival steamship
franchises. The state of New York gave Aaron Ogden an exclusive
license to operate steamboat ferries between New Jersey and New
York City on the Hudson River. Thomas Gibbons, another steamboat
operator, ran two ferries along the same route.
Ogden sought an injunction against Gibbons in a New York state court,
claiming that the state had given him exclusive rights to operate the
route.
Gibbons claimed he had the right to operate on the route pursuant to a
1793 act of Congress regulating coastal commerce.
In the review by the Supreme Court Marshall ruled for Gibbons, holding
that New York's exclusive grant to Ogden violated the federal licensing
act of 1793. In reaching its decision, the Court interpreted the
Commerce Clause of the U.S. Constitution for the first time.
• Cherokee Nation v GA (1831)–
In 1828, the state of Georgia passed a series of laws stripping local Cherokee
Indians of their rights. The laws also authorized Cherokee removal from lands
sought after by the state.
In defense, the Cherokee cited treaties that they had negotiated, as an
independent "nation," with the United States, guaranteeing the Cherokee nation
both the land and independence.
After failed negotiations with President Andrew Jackson and Congress, the
Cherokee, under the leadership of John Ross, sought an injunction ("order to
stop") at the Supreme Court against Georgia to prevent its carrying out these
laws.
The Court, in Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, ruled that it lacked jurisdiction to
hear the case and could not resolve it as the Cherokees were not foreign
nations.
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/supremecourt/ante
bellum/landmark_cherokee.html
Worcester v Georgia
• 1830, Georgia passed another law requiring its citizens
to obtain a state license before dwelling inside the
Cherokee Nation. A group of missionaries residing there,
including Samuel Austin Worcester, refused to obtain
such a license. The missionaries were known supporters
of Cherokee resistance to Georgia's removal efforts.
Worcester and a fellow missionary were indicted by a
Georgia court, brought to trial, and convicted. Worcester
appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, claiming that the
Georgia court lacked authority to convict them.
• The Supreme Court's ruling was neither followed by
Georgia nor enforced by the U.S. government.
Ch 9
Tariff Battles
3
3
3
Tariff of 1816  on imports of cheap
textiles.
Tariff of 1824  on iron goods and more
expensive woolen and cotton imports.
Tariff of 1828  higher tariffs on
imported raw materials [like wool & hemp].
 Supported by Jacksonians to gain votes
from farmers in NY, OH, KY.
 The South alone was adamantly against it.
 As producers of the world’s cheapest
cotton, it did not need a protective tariff.
 They were negatively impacted  American
textiles and iron goods [or the taxed
English goods] were more expensive!
Votes in the House for the
“Tariff of Abomination”
3
Land & Indian
John Quincy Adams:
Policies
 His land policies gave westerners anothr reason to
dislike him.
 He attempted to curb speculation for public lands  his
opponent accused him of denying their individual rights
and freedoms to expand westward!
 He supported the land rights of Native Americans
against white settlers.
 1825  govt. officials negotiated a treaty with a group
of Creek Indians to cede their land rights to GA.
 The Creek Indians appealed to Adams to renounce the
treaty.
 Congress sided with the governor of GA.
The 1828 Election
3
Jackson’s campaign was engineered by
Senator Martin Van Buren of NY
 He wanted to recreate the old
Jeffersonian coalition of:
 Northern farmers and artisans.
 Southern slave owners.
 Farmers with small land holdings.
 He created the Democratic Party from
the remains of Jefferson’s old party:
 Created a national committee that
oversaw local and state party units.
 Mass meetings, parades, picnics.
 A lot of political mudslinging on both sides.
• The now-famous Democratic
donkey was first associated
with Democrat Andrew
Jackson's 1828 presidential
campaign. His opponents
called him a jackass (a
donkey), and Jackson decided
to use the image of the strongwilled animal on his campaign
posters. Later, cartoonist
Thomas Nast used the
Democratic donkey in
newspaper cartoons and made
the symbol famous.
• Nast invented another famous
symbol—the Republican
elephant. In a cartoon that
appeared in Harper's Weekly in
1874, Nast drew a donkey
clothed in lion's skin, scaring
away all the animals at the zoo.
One of those animals, the
elephant, was labeled “The
Republican Vote.” That's all it
took for the elephant to become
associated with the Republican
Party.
Rachel Jackson
Final Divorce Decree
Jackson in Mourning for His Wife
1828 Election
Results
The Center of Population in the
Country Moves WEST
The New “Jackson Coalition”
3
The Planter Elite in the South
3
People on the Frontier
3
Artisans [competition from factory labor].
3
State Politicians  spoils system
 To the victor belong the spoils of the
enemy! [William Marcy of NY]
3
Immigrants in the cities.
Jackson as Satan Dangles
the Spoils of Victory over
his Supporters
Jackson’s Faith
in the “Common Man”
3
Intense distrust of Eastern
“establishment,” monopolies, &
special privilege.
3
His heart & soul was with the
“plain folk.”
3
Belief that the common man was
capable of uncommon
achievements.
The Reign of “King
Mob”
Andrew Jackson as
President
• http://www.pbs.org/kcet/a
ndrewjackson/glossary/
The “Peggy Eaton
Affair”
The Webster-Hayne
Debate
Sen. Daniel
Webster
[MA]
Sen. Robert
Hayne
[SC]
1830
Webster:
Liberty and Union, now and
forever, one and inseparable.
Jackson:
Our Federal Union—it must be
preserved.
Calhoun:
The Union, next to our liberty,
most dear.
Calhoun Ascends the
Platform that Leads to
Despotism
1832 Tariff Conflict
3
1832 --> new tariff
3
South Carolina’s reaction?
3
Jackson’s response?
3
Clay’s “Compromise”
Tariff?
Clays Sews Up
Jackson’s Mouth (1834)
Indian Removal
3
Jackson’s Goal?
3
1830  Indian Removal Act
3
Cherokee Nation v. GA (1831)
* “domestic dependent nation”
3
Worcester v. GA (1832)
3
Jackson:
John Marshall has made his
decision, now let him enforce
it!
The Cherokee Nation
After 1820
Indian Removal
The Grand National
Caravan Moving West
Trail of Tears (18381839)
Jackson’s Professed
“Love” for
Native Americans
Jackson’s Use of
Federal Power
VETO
1830  Maysville Road project
in KY [state of his
political rival, Henry
Clay]
The National Bank
Debate
Nicholas
Biddle
[an arrogant
aristocrat from
Philadelphia]
President
Jackson
nd
2
Opposition to the
B.U.S.
“Soft”
“Hard”
(paper) $
3
3
state bankers felt
it restrained their
banks from issuing
bank notes freely.
supported rapid
economic growth
& speculation.
(specie) $
3
3
3
felt that coin was
the only safe
currency.
didn’t like any bank
that issued bank
notes.
suspicious of
expansion &
speculation.
• In the late 1820s a titanic clash erupted between
President Jackson and bank President Nicholas Biddle.
On one side was Andrew Jackson, Old Hickory, and his
supporters who claimed the Bank was a threat to the
republic due to its economic power. State bankers felt
the central bank's influence frustrated their ability to
function. Westerners and farmers claimed the bank was
a baleful tool of city folks and overseas interests.
• Ultimately Jackson triumphed when he vetoed
Congress's 1832 recharter. Jackson considered his 1832
election triumph over pro-bank candidate Henry Clay a
mandate of his anti-bank policy. The bank ceased to
function in 1836
The “Monster” Is Destroyed!
3
“Pet Banks”
3
1832  Jackson
vetoed the
extension of the 2nd National Bank
of the United States.
3
1836  the charter expired.
3
1841  the bank went bankrupt!
The Downfall of
“Mother Bank”
The Bank & the 1832 Election
3
Jackson saw Biddle’s pushing forward a bill
to renew the Bank’s charter earlier as an
attempt to block his re-election!
 Biddle & his associates preferred Clay.
 Jackson refused to sign the bill to recharter.
 The Bank is trying to destroy me, but I
will destroy it!
 Jackson drops Calhoun and runs with
Martin Van Buren.
 BUT, both parties [Democrats & Whigs]
had contradictory positions regarding their
party principles, to many of the issues of
the day!
An 1832
Cartoon:
“King
Andrew”
?
Positions on the Key
Issues of 1832
DEMOCRATS
WHIGS
• Less concerned about the
•
•
•
•
•
widening gap between rich
and poor.
Opposed “liberal capitalism”
because they believed it
would lead to economic
chaos.
Strong national govt. to
coordinate the expanding
economy was critical.
Opposes Indian removal.
Favored tariffs.
Supported a National Bank.
• Felt the widening gap
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
between rich and poor was
alarming.
Believed that bankers,
merchants, and speculators
were “non-producers” who
used their govt. connections
to line their own pockets.
Govt. should have a handsoff approach to the economy
to allow the little guy a
chance to prosper.
For Indian removal.
Oppose tariffs.
States’ rights.
Oppose federal support for
internal improvements.
Opposed the National Bank.
1832 Election
Results
The 1836 Election
Results
Martin Van Buren
“Old Kinderhook”
[O. K.]
The Specie Circular (1836)
3
Speculators created “wildcat
banks” that fueled the runaway
inflation.
3
So, buy future federal land only
with gold or silver.
 This move shocked the system.
3
Jackson’s goal  to curb the
land speculation.
Results of the Specie Circular
$ Banknotes loose their value.
$ Land sales plummeted.
$ Credit not available.
$ Businesses began to fail.
$ Unemployment rose.
The Panic of 1837!
The Panic of 1837
Hits Everyone!
The Panic of 1837 Spreads
Quickly!
Andrew Jackson in
Retirement
Photo of Andrew
Jackson in 1844
(one year before his death)
1767 - 1845