Download Chapter 11 Sec. 1 - Van Independent School District

Chapter 11 Sec. 1
Jackson Era
Election of 1824
• John Quincy Adams was elected
President in 1824.
• William Crawford, Andrew Jackson , and
Henry Clay were the other Republican
representatives.
• No candidate won the majority of the
electoral votes so the House of
Representatives selected the President.
John Quincy Adams
1. Clay and Adams struck a deal, Clay
agreed to use his influence as speaker of
the house to defeat Jackson, hoping to
gain the secretary of state post in return.
When Adams won he did name Clay
Secretary of State.
2. Andrew Jackson’s followers accused the
two men of making a corrupt bargain
and stealing the election.
• During the Adams presidency, his politics
ran against popular opinion.
• He wanted a stronger navy, scientific
expeditions supported by government
funds, and direct federal involvement in
economic growth.
• Congress turned down many of his
proposals. Some members of Congress
wanted more limited role for the federal;
government.
Election of 1828
•
The election was a vicious campaign
between Jackson and Adams. The
party divided into two:
1. The Democratic-Republicans
nominated Jackson.
2. The National-Republicans nominated
Adams.
• Democratic-Republicans favored states’
rights.
•
New elements were introduced in the 1828
election, and many became a permanent part
of election campaigns.
1. Mudslinging, or attempts to ruin the opponent
with insults.
2. Election slogans, rallies, buttons, and
campaign events.
• Jackson won by a landslide. He received the
most votes of the new frontier states and
many votes in the South. John C. Calhoun of
South Carolina, who had served as Adam’s
vice-president, switched parties to run with
Jackson.
Andrew Jackson
Jackson as President
• Jackson was an American success story. He
went from being a member of a poor farm family
to being a war hero to becoming the president of
the United States.
• Democracy broadened under Jackson. He
promised “equal protection and equal benefits”
for all Americans, at least for white men.
Between 1824 and 1828, the percentage of
white voting males in presidential elections
increased from 36.9 to 57.6 percent.
• The right to vote, or suffrage, continued to
expand for white men. In 1840 more than 80
percent of white males voted in the presidential
election.
• By 1828 state constitutions changed to allow
people, not state legislatures, to choose
presidential electors.
• Jackson instituted the spoils system. He
replaced government employees with his
supporters. The fired workers were angry and
protested. Jackson felt that a new group of
employees would be good for democracy.
• The first national party convention for the
democrats was in Baltimore, Maryland, in
1832.
• The convention drew delegates from each
state that would nominate a candidate
receiving two-thirds of the vote.
• Jackson was nominated.
The Tariff Debate
• In 1828 Congress passed a very high
tariff on goods imported from Europe. This
tariff made European goods more
expensive.
• Manufacturers in the United States,
especially the Northeast, were happy
because they thought Americans would
now be even more likely to buy American
made products.
• Southerners hated the tariff and protested
because they traded their cotton with Europe for
manufactured goods. Now they would have to
pay more for these items.
• Some Southerners called for the Southern
States to secede, or break away and form their
own government.
• John C. Calhoun, a believer in states’ rights
argued for nullification, or canceling a federal
law it considered unconstitutional, and for
secession.
• He said that states have rights and powers
independent from of the federal
government, that states had created the
federal government, and they should be
able to have the last word on decisions
affecting them.
• The Webster-Hayne Debate was a
response to these issues. In January
1830, Senator Daniel Webster challenged
the speech given by Robert Hayne.
Webster-Hayne Debate
• Hayne was a senator from South Carolina who
defended the right of states to nullify acts of the
federal government and to secede.
• Webster defended the Constitution and the
Union arguing that nullification would cause the
end of the Union.
• Jackson defended the Union, saying it must be
preserved. Vice President Calhoun was
shocked. When he won election to the Senate
in December 1832, he resigned as vice
president.
• The nullification crisis grew, and the threat of
the Union splitting apart intensified. In 1832
Congress passed a new, lower tariff, hoping that
the Southern protest would die down.
• But it did not. South Carolina’s state legislature
passed the Nullification Act, saying that it would
not pay the “illegal” tariffs of 1828 and 1832.
• The South Carolina legislature threatened to
secede if the federal government interfered.
• Jackson supported a compromise bill by
Clay, lowering the tariff. He also made
sure that the South would accept it.
• He Persuaded Congress to pass the Force
Bill, which allowed the president to use the
United States military to enforce acts of
Congress.
• South Carolina accepted the compromise
tariff and state leaders voted to put aside
the Nullification Act.
• The crisis between a state and the federal
government was over for the time being.