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Reconstruction Triumph of Race, Politics, and Redeemers, 1863-1877 • The South’s economy after the war was in a pitiful state. • In the North the government in Washington had to revolve what terms the southern states should be remitted to the Union, and how the rights of former slaves were to be protected. • The form of treatment that Lincoln favored towards the South was lenient treatment. • • Lincoln wanted the seceded states to join the Union as not as conquered territories, but as states equal in status to the North. Lincoln’s two conditions for readmission into the Union were ten percent of the state’s voters would be required to take an oath of allegiance to the United States, and the new state government would be required to guarantee the abolition of slavery. • Following Reconstruction, the term New South was most often used to describe changes in the Southern economy. • A major result of the Civil War was that the power of the central government was strengthened. • What changes do you think were happening in the South following the Civil War? Frederick Douglass, 1866 • The arm of the Federal government is long, but it is far too short to protect the rights of individuals in the interior of distant States. They must have the power to protect themselves, or they will go unprotected, in spite of all the laws the Federal government can put upon the national statute-book. Who Should Control Reconstruction—Congress or President? • Wade-Davis Bill • Lincoln Pocket Veto • Assassination of Lincoln left question unresolved when Andrew Johnson became president. Lincoln’s Second Inaugural With malice toward none; with charity for all; with firmness in the right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in; to bind up the nation's wounds; to care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow, and his orphan--to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace, among ourselves, and with all nations. Freedman’s Bureau The Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Land, often referred to as the Freedmen's Bureau, was established in the War Department on March 3, 1865. The Bureau supervised all relief and educational activities relating to refugees and freedmen, including issuing rations, clothing and medicine. The Bureau also assumed custody of confiscated lands or property in the former Confederate States, border states, District of Columbia, and Indian Territory. Built Schools—many of whom were forerunners of the “Historically Black Colleges” in the South. Freedman’s Bureau Schools Andrew Johnson • Rags to Riches Story • “Treason must be made odious” • Initially a darling of and later a disappointment to Radical Republicans • Reconstruction Plan (Proclamation of Amnesty—May 1865) similar to Lincoln’s • In their plans for Reconstruction, both President Abraham Lincoln and President Andrew Johnson sought to allow the Southern States to reenter the nation as quickly as possible. • A major reason the Radical Republicans opposed President Abraham Lincoln’s Reconstruction plan was that his plan offered amnesty to nearly all Confederates who would swear allegiance to the United States. Andrew Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan • Ten percent of the state’s voters would be required to take an oath of loyalty to the U.S. Constitution, the state must ratify the Thirteenth Amendment abolishing slavery, and it must deny the right to vote to a few Confederate leaders, while granting that right to all other southern white men. Radical Republicans Reconstruction Plan • That the south should be punished for its role in the war and that the seceded states should be treated as conquered territories. They also believed that the newly free slaves should be given political rights. • No state would be allowed to deprive anyone born on American soil of the rights of citizenship/vote. No military leader or political officeholder of the defeated Confederacy would be permitted to hold state or federal office in the postwar period. The South would be occupied by federal troops and governed by army generals. The troops would be withdrawn from a state after it had adopted a new state constitution acceptable to Congress. Andrew Johnson Radical Republicans: Thaddeus Stevens, Charles Sumner, Ben Wade Thirteenth Amendment • Declared slavery illegal in every state of the union. Fourteenth Amendment • “All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and if the state wherein they reside.” Fifteenth Amendment • This amendment said that voting rights could not be denied to a person because of that person’s “race, color, or previous condition of servitude.” Southerners Don’t Get It • Elect ex-CSA leaders to Congress, including Alexander Stephens • Black Codes-Prohibited blacks from carrying firearms; starting businesses, appearing on the streets after sunset; renting or leasing farmland; and traveling without a permit. • Race Riots • Jim Crow Laws- segregated, or separated the races like forbidding blacks to mix with whites in public places (railroad cars, streetcars, restaurants, and hotels). • The Jim Crow laws of the postCivil War Era were attempts by state and local governments to restrict the freedoms of African Americans • Poll taxes and grandfather clauses were devices used to deny African Americans the right to vote • For Southern whites, already embittered by Confederate defeat, northern control of their state governments was an insult. • The chief interests of southern whites during Reconstruction were to revive their war torn economy, regain control of their state governments, and reduce the political power of southern blacks. Radicals Respond • Barely failed to override Johnson’s Veto of Bill to Extend Life of Freedman’s Bureau • Overrode Johnson’s Veto of CRA of 1866 • Enacted a new Freedman’s Bureau • Sent 14th Amendment to States—ratified by them in 1868 • Radical’s insisted on Civil Rights for former slaves and a federal enforcement mechanism Radicals on a Roll—March 2, 1867 • Military Reconstruction Act • Command of the Army Act • Tenure of Office Act Military Reconstruction Act-1867 • Divided South into Military District • Southern States—Tn. Excepted— would write new constitutions w/ Universal Adult Male Suffrage • States had to ratify 14th amendment • Subsequent legislation gave Army power to register voters and to disqualify “disloyal persons” from registering. South Readmitted • By 1870, Southern states were readmitted • Some had to ratify 15th amendment too • Reconstruction Constitutions were most LIBERAL—yes, that’s a mighty fine word, look it up—in history of Southern States. • Legal means to overturn Reconstruction often culminated with rewriting these Reconstruction Constitutions. Johnson Impeached • The Radical Republicans impeached President Andrew Johnson because many personally disliked him, and he had used the power of the presidency to block many of their Reconstruction plans. The Radical Republicans laid a trap for Johnson by passing the Tenure of Office Act, which required that the president obtain congressional approval before dismissing a cabinet officer. Johnson Impeached • Vote to remove was 35 to 18, one shy of the 2/3rds needed • Radicals didn’t need to remove Johnson; by the time of his trial it was 1868, an election year; he could simply be ignored. Major Achievements of Reconstruction • 14th and 15th Amendments • African American Participation in Public Life • Readmission of Southern States th 14 Amendment • • • • National Definitions of Citizenship Equal Protection Clause Due Process Clause High Confederate Official banned from national office • Confederate debt repudiated th 15 Amendment • “The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.” Failure of Reconstruction • Southern whites were violently opposed to black rights; many in north were indifferent • Rise of KKK • Where army was present, KKK leaders were apprehended and imprisoned. (The Force Acts of 1870-1871) • Land Reform—blacks (and poor whites) left to farm tenancy • • • Many Northerners moved to the South after the Civil War was seek economic gain and political power. Carpetbaggers were fortune hunters from the north that carried all their belongings in a single travel bag. Scalawags were Southern whites who cooperated with the northerners. Their motives were thought to be corrupt and their goal was to make money by any scheme necessary. • Many plantation owners could not afford to keep their land so they sold it. Most of the land went to white buyers, although a small number of blacks also managed to become landowning farmers. • Instead of selling the land what the other options plantation owners had was renting sections of their land to tenant farmers. In order to live and work on the land, tenant farmers provided their own seed, mules, and provisions. Sharecroppers • Sharecroppers were the poorest southerners (whites as well as blacks) lacked the money either to pay rents or to buy mules for plowing. In return for farming a piece of land, they paid a certain share of crop to the landlord. They were often unable to pay their debts for many reasons worn out land, low prices for their cotton, and relatively high prices for farm supplies. “Boy, You ain’t a votin’ here”! WHITE SUPREMACY • In every southern state, groups of whites formed secret societies such as Knights of the White Camellia and the Ku Klux Klan (KKK). • These groups often beat and killed African Americans and scalawag whites were also intimated. Freedmen’s Bureau • Aiding 4 million former slaves (freedmen) in adjusting to freedom. It built and operated schools in the South for blacks, recognizing that as slaves, they had been deliberately deprived of the skills of literacy. The bureau also provided emergency aid in the form of clothing, food, and medical supplies. • • The differences between the two great African American leaders of the late 19th and early 20th centuries were due, in part, to the fact that Booker T. Washington had been born a slave in the South, while W.E.B. Du Bois was raised as a free man in Massachusetts. Washington did not view equal rights as a goal that blacks should pursue. He stressed vocational education as a means of achieving economic security. While Du Bois accepted Washington’s view of vocational education as a useful tool, he advocated a college education for the most academically gifted black students. His major difference with Washington was in the area of social and political equality. Washington avoided social protest and the two leaders differed greatly over the need for African Americans to achieve equality and speak out against discrimination. Grant Presidency • Did attempt to enforce Reconstruction • Presidency clouded by scandals • Republican party divided between Stalwart and Liberal Republicans—little energy left to devote to Reconstruction. President Grant 1876 Presidential Election • • • Disputed results between Hayes and Tilden The Compromise of 1877 settled the controversy and conflict created by the election of 1876. Southern Democrats agreed to accept the Republican candidate, Rutherford B. Hayes as president. In return, Hayes agreed to withdraw all federal troops from the South. Hayes’ actions had the effect of abandoning southern blacks, and ended the brief period of racial equality that had existed during Reconstruction.