Download THE COLD WAR Chapter 28

Readiness standards comprise
65% of the U. S. History Test
8A&C
Readiness Standard (8)
The student understands the impact of significant
national & international decisions & conflicts in the
Cold War on the United States.
The Student is expected to:
(A) Describe U. S. responses to Soviet
aggression after World War II,
including the Truman Doctrine, the
Marshall Plan, the North Atlantic
Treaty Organization, the Berlin
Airlift, & John F. Kennedy’s role in
the Cuban Missile Crisis
Readiness Standard (8)
The student understands the impact of significant
national & international decisions & conflicts in the
Cold War on the United States.
The Student is expected to:
(A) 1 Describe U. S. responses to
Soviet aggression after World War II,
including the Truman Doctrine
Steps Leading to U.S.
Policy of Containment
•
•
•
•
American policy during the Truman administration;
aimed at preventing expansion of communism beyond its
existing boundaries
1946-47 Growing mistrust of Russia
inspired by Soviet imperialism in
Eastern Europe, delaying its
withdrawal from oil-rich Iran, &
breakdown of Allied cooperation in
Germany
March 1947 Fearing Soviet
exploitation of the Greek civil war
(1946-49), the U.S. intervened in
Greece and Turkey
June 1947 Marshall Plan—a war
without bullets
April 1949 NATO
The Truman
Doctrine
Truman committed U. S.
“The Truman Doctrine
an informal
economicmarked
and military
aid to
declaration of cold
war against
the Soviet
prevent
them from
fallingUnion.
into
Truman used the crisis
Greece
to secure
the in
Soviet
Sphere
congressional approval
and build
a national
Britain—the
historical
protector
consensus for the policy
of containment.
. . . The too
of Greek
independence—was
American commitment
to oppose
communist
weak after
the war
to continue . .
expansion, whether
by internal
. hence
the needsubversion
for Uncle or
Sam to
external aggression, placed the
States on
fillUnited
the void.
a collision course with the Soviet Union around
the globe.”
Containment was
designed to stop
The “war” remained a
the spread of
cold one considering how
communism.
each side during the war
HOWEVER . . .
felt about being attacked
by the other.
Readiness Standard (8)
The student understands the impact of significant
national & international decisions & conflicts in the
Cold War on the United States.
The Student is expected to:
(A) 2 Describe U. S. responses to
Soviet aggression after World War II,
including the Marshall Plan
The Marshall Plan was he American initiative to aid
Europe, in which the U. S. gave economic support to help
rebuild European economies after the end of World War
II in order to prevent the spread of Soviet Communism.
The plan was in operation for four years beginning in April
1948. The goals of the United States were to rebuild wardevastated regions, remove trade barriers, modernize
industry, and make Europe prosperous again.
The initiative was named after Secretary of State George
Marshall.
During the four years that the plan was operational, US
$15 billion in economic and technical assistance was given
to help the recovery of the European countries. It
stimulated the total political reconstruction of western
Europe.
Soviet Response
to the Marshall
Plan
• Refusal to allow any nation controlled by the
Soviets to participate
• A tightening of controls by the U.S.S.R. over
any nation within her “orbit”
“The division of Europe was an inevitable aftereffect of World War II. Both sides were intent
on imposing their values in the areas liberated
by their troops. The Russians
were no more
A hard
likely to withdraw from Eastern Europe that
shot to
the United States and Britain were from
block
Germany, France,
and Italy.”
Readiness Standard (8)
The student understands the impact of significant
national & international decisions & conflicts in the
Cold War on the United States.
The Student is expected to:
(A) 3 Describe U. S. responses to
Soviet aggression after World War II,
including the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization
The organization
constitutes a system
of collective
defense whereby its
member states agree to
mutual defense in
response to an attack
by any external party.
NATO’s headquarters
The North Atlantic Treaty was
are in Brussels, Belgium,
signed in Washington, D.C., on
one of today’s 28
April 4 , 1949 and was ratified
member states across
by the United States that
North America and
August.
Europe
North Atlantic
Treaty Organization
• Conceived as a defensive
shield against Soviet
aggression
• NATO was seen as an
aggressive tool aimed at the
Soviets; would pressure those
not obeying the dictates of the
Anglo-American bloc
• the U. S. bomb monopoly
encouraged the Soviets to be
pushy until 1949 when they
got the bomb; then, the U. S.
response was NATO
And much like the
5th century Greek
example . . .
the Soviet Union
countered in 1955
with an
“organization” of
its own..
The Warsaw
Pact
The members agreed that an armed attack
against any one of them in Europe or North
America would be considered an attack
against them all. Consequently they agreed
that, if an armed attack occurred, each of
them, in exercise of the right of individual or
collective self-defense, would assist the
member being attacked, taking such action
as it deemed necessary, including the use of
armed force, to restore and maintain the
security of the North Atlantic area.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)—1949
What type of division did the “curtain” represent? Which countries
supported which sides?
The Iron Curtain was both a physical and an ideological division that
represented the way Europe was viewed after World War II. To the east of
the Iron Curtain were the countries that were connected to or influenced by
the former Soviet Union. The other countries to the west of the Iron
Curtain had democratic governments.
The choice
before European
nation states
Readiness Standard (8)
The student understands the impact of significant
national & international decisions & conflicts in the
Cold War on the United States.
The Student is expected to:
(A) 4 Describe U. S. responses to
Soviet aggression after World War II,
including the Berlin Airlift
The Soviet Union blocked the Western Allies’ railway, road, and
canal access to the sectors of Berlin under Allied control. Their aim
was to force the western powers to allow the Soviet zone to start
supplying Berlin with food, fuel, and aid, thereby giving the Soviets
practical control over the entire city.
The Berlin
blockade (June
24, 1948 –May
12, 1949) was
one of the first
major
international
crises of the
Cold War.
In response, the Western Allies organized the Berlin Airlift to carry
supplies to the people in West Berlin. Aircrews from the U. S. Air
Force, the British Royal Air Force, the Royal Australian Air Force,
the Royal New Zealand Air Force, & the South African Air Force
flew over 200,000 flights in one year, providing up to 4700 tons of
necessities daily, such as fuel and food, to the Berliners.
By the spring of 1949 the effort
was clearly succeeding, and by
April the airlift was delivering
more cargo than had previously
been transported into the city
by rail. The success of the
Berlin Airlift brought
embarrassment to the Soviets
who had refused to believe it
could make a difference.
The blockade was lifted in May
1949 and resulted in the
creation of two separate
German states. The Federal
Republic of Germany (West
Germany) and the German
Democratic Republic (East
Germany) split up Berlin.
Following the airlift, three
airports in the former western
zones of the city served as the
primary gateways to Germany
for another fifty years.
Readiness Standard (8)
The student understands the impact of significant
national & international decisions & conflicts in the
Cold War on the United States.
The Student is expected to:
(A) 5 Describe U. S. responses to
Soviet aggression after World War II,
including John F. Kennedy’s role in
the Cuban Missile Crisis
Cuban Missile
Crisis in 1962
• Soviet missile
installations in Cuba in
the fall of 1962
• Precipitated a highly
tense exchange that
eventually is resolved by
withdrawal of the
weapons
• JFK’s handling of the
Missile Crisis has
become a model of
effective diplomatic
decision-making
October 22,
1962
President Kennedy signs
The Cuban Missile Crisis — known
the Proclamation for
as the October Crisis or The Missile
Interdiction of the Delivery
Scare — was a 13-day confrontation
of Offensive Weapons to
in October 1962 between the Soviet
Union & Cuba on one side and the U. Cuba at the Oval
Office on OctS. on the other side.
The crisis is generally regarded as the ober 23,
moment in which the Cold War came 1962.
closest to turning into a nuclear
conflict. It is also the first
documented instance of mutual
assured destruction (MAD) being
discussed as a determining factor in a
major international arms agreement.
After the US had placed nuclear missiles in Turkey & Italy, aimed
at Moscow, and the failed U. S. attempt to overthrow Fidel
Castro’s communist Cuban regime, Nikita Khruschev proposed
the idea of placing Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba to deter any
future invasion attempt.
On October 27, after much deliberation between the
Soviet Union and Kennedy's cabinet, Kennedy
secretly agreed to remove all missiles set in southern
Italy and in Turkey, the latter on the border of the
Soviet Union, in exchange for Khrushchev removing
all missiles in Cuba.
Kennedy immediately responded,
issuing a statement calling the letter
“an important and constructive
contribution to peace.”
Readiness Standard (8)
The student understands the impact of significant
national & international decisions & conflicts in the
Cold War on the United States.
The Student is expected to:
(C) Explain reasons & outcomes for
U. S. involvement in the Korean War
& its relationship to the containment
policy
THE KOREAN
WAR—1950-1953
• On June 25, 1950, the army of
North Korea invaded South
Korea precipitating the Korean
War
• The UN Security Council
declared North Korea the
aggressor and called for
member nations to implement
collective security action
• The war concluded on July
27,1953 leaving the Korean
peninsula divided as it had been
at the start of hostilities
• The failure to hold free elections throughout the Korean
Peninsula in 1948 deepened the division between the two
sides; the North established a communist government,
while the South established a right-wing government.
The 38th parallel increasingly became a political border
between the two Korean states.
• Although reunification negotiations continued in the
months preceding the war, tension intensified. Crossborder skirmishes and raids at the 38th parallel
persisted. The situation escalated into open warfare
when North Korean forces invaded South Korea on June
25, 1950.
• On Saturday, June 24,1950, U.S. Secretary of State Dean
Acheson informed President Truman by telephone, “Mr.
President, I have very serious news. The North Koreans
have invaded South Korea.”
• The fighting ended on July 27, 1953, when the
armistice agreement was signed. The agreement
restored the border between the Koreas near the 38th
Parallel and created the Korean Demilitarized
Zone (DMZ), a 2.5-mile-wide fortified buffer zone
between the two Korean nations. Minor incidents still
continue today.
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